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Home/upsc: role of external state & non-state actors

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Ameya Srivastava
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Ameya SrivastavaLearner
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
  • 1

Do you believe that India’s intelligence services need to be reformed in light of the rise in both internal and external threats?

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Meerab Mehata
    Meerab Mehata Begginer

    Kautilya wrote in the Arthashastra that a state could be at risk from four different kinds of threats – internal, external, externally-aided internal, and internally-aided external. In the era of information and the digital age, both internal and external security threats are interrelated and cannotRead more

    Kautilya wrote in the Arthashastra that a state could be at risk from four different kinds of threats – internal, external, externally-aided internal, and internally-aided external. In the era of information and the digital age, both internal and external security threats are interrelated and cannot be seen in isolation from each other. India’s national security challenges make it imperative for the country to develop a technology-centric intelligence cadre, and nurture this cadre’s capabilities.

    Rising Security Challenges

    Internal Threats and Challenges

    1. The internal security of the country presents a dismal scenario. We have a fractured landscape. Terrorist groups, indigenous and trans-national, are trying to destabilise the country.
    2. There is a separatist movement in J&K fuelled by Pakistan. The northeast has multiple insurgencies. A vast swathe of Central India is in a state of turmoil due to Maoist violence.
    3. Besides, the State has to contend with communal problems, caste tensions, inter-state disputes including those over sharing of river waters, illegal migrations from the East, and regional movements over a host of issues.
    4. Huge diversity in geographical regions, ethnicity, religions, and languages coupled with social discrimination, inequality in human development indices (HDI), lack of inclusive growth, and mass unemployment among the youth make India vulnerable to internal armed conflicts.

    External Threats and Challenges

    1. Two neighbours of India—China and Pakistan—are not just the principal source of its external security threats, but are also nuclear-armed states who share a deep friendship.
    2. The territorial disputes and external threats on our sub-continent are a result of its unique geostrategic location, its neighbourhood, its history, and the Partition.
    3. Security of India’s long and porous coastline, offshore islands, exclusive economic Zone, and sea lines of communications in the Indian Ocean is another major external security challenge.

    Hybrid Warfare: Emerging threat

    1. It generally refers to the use of unconventional methods as part of a multi-domain warfighting approach. These methods aim to disrupt and disable an opponent’s actions without engaging in open hostilities.
    2. Recently, a Chinese data company-Zhenhua has harvested information on millions of people, allegedly on behalf of Beijing’s intelligence services, possibly engaging in early stages of ‘hybrid warfare.

    Govt Efforts wrt Intelligence apparatus:

    1. Natgrid: The formation of an intelligence database designed to consolidate and make searchable data gathered by existing security and law enforcement agencies, will prove to be a vital link in India’s intelligence infrastructure.
    2. Cctns: The Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and System (CCTNS) is an initiative of the MHA, to facilitate storage, transfer, and sharing of data and information between police stations.
    3. Cert-In: It is responsible for the protection of cyber systems and it provides specific steps and countermeasures to patch the existing vulnerabilities and strengthen the security of these websites.

    Need For Reforms In India’s Intelligence Apparatus

    1. The paradigm shift in the nature of the security challenges facing the country lends urgency to the need for reforms in the country’s intelligence apparatus.
    2. Currently, Decisions of national security are taken in individual silos rather than cross-domain exchange as subjects are interrelated.
    3. There is opacity in the functioning of Intelligence agencies for instance there is no credible external audit that happens.
    4. Substantial reforms are needed to improve the collection, processing, and dissemination of intelligence on a real-time basis.

    Towards Reforms In The Country’s Intelligence Apparatus

    1. Legal Status

    1. A prerequisite is to pass specific legislation that would give India’s intelligence community a statutory basis and a charter, and provide it with institutional levels of accountability.

    2. Recruitment, Deputation, Promotion, Training

    1. India needs to have an open and separate direct recruitment mechanism for different intelligence agencies by using the existing mechanism of the Union Public Service Commission;
    2. A lateral entry program of a few years can be offered to domain experts who work closely with intelligence agencies. This is one way to attract young technical talent.
    3. The CIA and FBI ran the Cybersecurity Talent initiative which included two-year placements. Similarly, in the UK, the GCHQ has started a cyber programme for high school students.

    3. Technology Upgrade

    1. India’s intelligence agencies must act as venture capitalists and take ownership in the companies they will nurture and support. For example, In-Q-Tel is the CIA’s venture arm and has been investing in young companies since 1999.
    2. The US NSA has also experimented with the same. More recently, the famed Israeli spy agency, Mossad, has launched an incubator, inviting applications from all over the world (in select technology areas).
    3. A dedicated unit on Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) must be created to collect and analyse the vast volumes of data that are now publicly available in the open domain. Commercial sensors and the internet have made this possible and it can often prove to be a treasure trove for intelligence operations.

    4. Coordination Of Intelligence

    1. Appointing a National Intelligence Coordinator/Director of National Intelligence to bring about better inter-agency coordination, to remove overlaps and duplications, end turf wars, and ensure better utilisation of national resources.
    2. The Department of Atomic Energy, BARC, ISRO, DRI, the Economic Offences Wing, Department of Science & Technology, etc – should appoint intelligence liaison or nodal officers to interact on a regular basis with main intelligence agencies.
    3. Heads of Mission of Indian legations abroad should be kept in the broad loop of the operational initiatives of intelligence agencies.

    5. Accountability

    1. Strengthen financial accountability of intelligence agencies; annual reports to go to Comptroller & Auditor General (CAG) or NSA.
    2. Providing for an in camera audit of Secret Service Funds;
    3. Creating a separate intelligence ombudsman for IB, R&AW & NTRO;

    It is absolutely necessary that the security architecture of the country is overhauled with appropriate institutional changes so that it is able to effectively deal with the emerging challenges which are going to confront us in the coming years. India has to use all instruments of its national power like political, economic, diplomatic, military, etc., in a coordinated manner to address its security concerns.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
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Many see the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as an essential component of China’s broader ‘One Belt One Road’ program. Give a brief overview of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and list the reasons India has withdrawn from it. (150 words) ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant development project that forms a key part of China's broader "One Belt One Road" initiative. CPEC aims to connect Gwadar Port in Pakistan’s Balochistan province to Xinjiang in northwestern China through a networkRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant development project that forms a key part of China’s broader “One Belt One Road” initiative. CPEC aims to connect Gwadar Port in Pakistan’s Balochistan province to Xinjiang in northwestern China through a network of roads, railways, and pipelines. The corridor is expected to enhance trade, boost economic growth, and promote regional connectivity. However, despite its potential benefits, India has chosen to distance itself from the initiative.

    Reasons for India’s Distancing from CPEC

    1. Sovereignty Issues
      • CPEC traverses Gilgit-Baltistan, a region that India claims as part of its territory but is administered by Pakistan. This raises significant concerns regarding India’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
      • Fact: India has consistently maintained that any infrastructure project in this disputed region undermines its claims and interests (Ministry of External Affairs, India).
    2. Strategic Concerns
      • India perceives CPEC as a strategic maneuver by China to extend its influence in South Asia, potentially providing the Chinese military with advantages that could alter the regional power balance.
      • Fact: Analysts believe that CPEC could facilitate increased Chinese military presence near India’s borders, which is a point of concern for Indian security (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses).
    3. Lack of Transparency
      • India raises concerns about the transparency and governance standards involved in CPEC’s implementation. There are fears regarding the potential environmental impacts and the decision-making processes behind the projects.
      • Fact: Reports indicate that many CPEC projects have not undergone thorough environmental assessments, leading to skepticism about their sustainability (Pakistani Environmental Authority).
    4. Debt Diplomacy
      • India is wary of the potential for “debt diplomacy” associated with Chinese investments, where countries become economically dependent on China due to unsustainable debt levels.
      • Fact: Instances in countries like Sri Lanka, where Chinese loans led to significant economic challenges, serve as cautionary tales for India (Financial Times).

    Conclusion

    India’s distancing from CPEC is rooted in its concerns over sovereignty, strategic stability, transparency, and economic risks. These factors highlight India’s need to strengthen its own strategic and economic ties to effectively counterbalance regional developments influenced by China.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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One of the main security concerns is the use of social media and the Internet for subversive purposes by non-state actors. In what ways have these been abused recently? Provide workable instructions to lessen the aforementioned risks. (200 words) [UPSC ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The use of the internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities has become a major concern worldwide. These platforms, while being avenues for communication and information exchange, are also exploited for spreading propaganda, recruitment, and coordiRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The use of the internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities has become a major concern worldwide. These platforms, while being avenues for communication and information exchange, are also exploited for spreading propaganda, recruitment, and coordinating malicious activities.

    Recent Misuses of Internet and Social Media

    1. Recruitment and Radicalization: Groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda have extensively used the internet for recruitment and radicalization, reaching audiences globally. For instance, the recruitment of Indian youth by ISIS via online platforms has been documented, highlighting the effectiveness of these channels in attracting vulnerable individuals.
    2. Spreading Propaganda: Social media has been a tool for disseminating extremist ideologies, fake news, and hate speech. Incidents like the Panchkula violence in India were exacerbated due to the spread of misinformation on social media, demonstrating how false narratives can incite violence and unrest.
    3. Coordination of Activities: Non-state actors have utilized encrypted communication to plan and coordinate attacks and subversive activities. The Paris attacks of 2015 exemplified this misuse, where attackers communicated through secure messaging apps to evade detection.

    Guidelines to Curb the Threat

    1. Strengthening Legal Framework: Enhancing cyber laws, such as the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 in India, is crucial to effectively counter internet misuse, ensuring they align with the evolving digital landscape.
    2. Monitoring and Surveillance: Fortifying online monitoring mechanisms while ensuring that privacy rights are not infringed upon is essential. This approach should be guided by legal precedents, such as the Supreme Court ruling on privacy in 2017.
    3. Public Awareness Campaigns: Conducting cyber literacy and awareness programs, like India’s “Cyber Swachhta Kendra” initiative under the Ministry of Electronics and IT, can educate citizens about online threats and promote responsible internet usage.
    4. International Cooperation: Amplifying global cooperation for cyber intelligence, information sharing, and harmonizing legal frameworks is vital. Initiatives like the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime advocate for collaborative efforts to combat cyber threats effectively.

    Conclusion

    While the misuse of the internet and social media by non-state actors poses a significant challenge, it can be addressed through concerted efforts involving legal measures, technology, public awareness, and international cooperation, ensuring a safer and secure cyberspace.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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One of the main security concerns is the use of social media and the Internet for subversive purposes by non-state actors. In what ways have these been abused recently? Provide workable instructions to lessen the aforementioned risks. (200 words) [UPSC ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The use of the internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities poses a significant security concern in India. These platforms have been exploited for various malicious purposes, including recruitment, propaganda, and coordination of attacks. Recent MRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The use of the internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities poses a significant security concern in India. These platforms have been exploited for various malicious purposes, including recruitment, propaganda, and coordination of attacks.

    Recent Misuses

    1. Recruitment and Radicalization: Terrorist organizations like ISIS have utilized social media to recruit individuals, particularly targeting vulnerable youth. For instance, there have been cases of Indian youth being radicalized and recruited through online platforms.
    2. Spreading Propaganda: Social media serves as a tool for disseminating extremist ideologies and misinformation. Events such as the Panchkula violence in India were exacerbated by the spread of fake news on these platforms, leading to public unrest.
    3. Coordination of Activities: Non-state actors have leveraged encrypted communication apps to plan and execute attacks, making it challenging for law enforcement to monitor their activities. The Paris attacks in 2015 exemplified how such coordination can lead to devastating outcomes.

    Guidelines to Curb the Threat

    1. Strengthening Legal Framework: Enhance existing cyber laws, such as the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, to effectively counter the misuse of the internet and social media by non-state actors.
    2. Monitoring and Surveillance: Implement robust online monitoring mechanisms while respecting privacy rights, as guided by legal precedents. This can help in identifying and mitigating threats before they escalate.
    3. Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct initiatives to educate citizens about online threats and the importance of digital literacy. Programs like India’s “Cyber Swachhta Kendra” can play a crucial role in this regard.
    4. International Cooperation: Foster global collaboration for cyber intelligence sharing and harmonizing legal frameworks to combat cross-border cyber threats effectively.

    Conclusion

    The misuse of the internet and social media by non-state actors is a complex challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. By implementing effective guidelines and fostering cooperation, India can enhance its security framework against these emerging threats.

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Tisha Iyer
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Tisha IyerBegginer
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the Context: Briefly introduce the need for strengthening anti-terrorism laws in response to evolving security threats. Introduce the Laws: Mention the amendments to UAPA and NIA Act and the associated debates on civil liberties. Fact: “The Indian ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction In response to evolving security threats, the Indian government has amended the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967, and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act. These changes aim to bolster national security but have sparked significant debates regardingRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    In response to evolving security threats, the Indian government has amended the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967, and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act. These changes aim to bolster national security but have sparked significant debates regarding civil liberties and human rights.

    Key Changes

    Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967

    • Designation of Individuals as Terrorists: The amended UAPA allows the government to designate individuals as terrorists, expanding beyond just organizations. This change raises concerns about arbitrary labeling.Fact: “The designation of individuals as terrorists could lead to increased government control over dissent.” (Source: Human Rights Watch, 2021)
    • Seizure of Property: The Director-General of the NIA can approve the seizure of property linked to investigations, potentially leading to property rights violations.
    • Investigation Authority: NIA officers of Inspector rank and above are empowered to investigate cases, enhancing the agency’s capability but also raising questions about oversight.

    National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act

    • Expanded Jurisdiction: The NIA can now investigate offenses committed outside India, targeting Indians or Indian interests, broadening its scope significantly.
    • Broadened Offenses: The Act includes new offenses such as human trafficking, cyber-terrorism, and counterfeit currency, indicating a more comprehensive approach to security threats.
    • Special Courts: The establishment of special courts for scheduled offenses can expedite trials but may also compromise fair trial rights.

    Opposition by Human Rights Organizations

    • Potential for Misuse: Critics argue that these amendments could be misused against political dissenters and minorities, exemplified by cases like Bhima Koregaon.
    • Lack of Safeguards: The amendments are seen as lacking sufficient safeguards against human rights violations.
    • Extended Detention: Provisions allowing detention without charges for up to 180 days pose serious concerns about personal liberty.Fact: “Extended detention without charge is a significant threat to individual rights and freedoms.”

    Conclusion

    While the amendments to the UAPA and NIA Act strengthen India’s fight against terrorism, it is essential to balance these measures with the protection of human rights. Any potential misuse could undermine democratic principles, highlighting the need for institutional safeguards and vigilant judicial oversight.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Purpose: Introduce the complexities of India’s internal security landscape. Context: Emphasize the roles of both external state and non-state actors in posing challenges. Multidimensional Challenges Cross-Border Terrorism: Fact: States like Pakistan have been implicated in sponsoring terrorism, such as during the ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction India’s internal security landscape is multifaceted, challenged by both external state and non-state actors. Their activities complicate national security, necessitating a comprehensive analysis of the threats and effective countermeasures. Multidimensional Challenges CrossRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    India’s internal security landscape is multifaceted, challenged by both external state and non-state actors. Their activities complicate national security, necessitating a comprehensive analysis of the threats and effective countermeasures.

    Multidimensional Challenges

    1. Cross-Border Terrorism:
      • Fact: States like Pakistan are implicated in sponsoring terrorism, exemplified by the 2008 Mumbai attacks, which killed over 160 people .
      • Source: National Investigation Agency (NIA).
    2. Proxy Wars:
      • Fact: Certain external actors instigate low-intensity conflicts, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir, where militancy is often fueled by external support .
      • Source: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
    3. Radicalisation:
      • Fact: Non-state actors like ISIS employ digital platforms for radicalizing Indian youth, as seen in various recruitment cases from Kerala .
      • Source: Intelligence Bureau (IB) reports.
    4. Cyber Attacks:
      • Fact: Countries such as China and North Korea pose significant cyber threats. The 2020 cyber attack on India’s power grid exemplifies this risk .
      • Source: CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team).
    5. Drug Trafficking:
      • Fact: Drug syndicates from the Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle regions destabilize societies in northern states, exacerbating security challenges .
      • Source: Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB).
    6. Left-Wing Extremism (LWE):
      • Fact: LWE poses a substantial threat in states like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, with allegations of external actors providing support .
      • Source: MHA reports.
    7. North East Insurgency:
      • Fact: Separatist groups in the Northeast, such as the NSCN (Khaplang), reportedly receive assistance from Chinese intelligence .
      • Source: Ministry of Defence.
    8. Jammu and Kashmir:
      • Fact: Pakistan’s ISI has been implicated in providing financial and logistical support to separatist groups in Jammu and Kashmir .
      • Source: MHA investigations.

    Measures to Combat these Threats

    1. Strengthening Intelligence:
      • Fact: Initiatives like the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) enhance intelligence sharing among agencies .
      • Source: Government of India.
    2. International Cooperation:
      • Fact: India engages with international forums, such as the UN and ASEAN, to share best practices against common threats .
    3. Cyber Security:
      • Fact: The National Cyber Security Policy aims to enhance India’s cyber defense capabilities .
    4. Socio-Economic Development:
      • Fact: Programs like the Aspirational Districts Programme aim to reduce disparities and diminish the appeal of radical ideologies .
    5. Strict Law Enforcement:
      • Fact: Enforcement of laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act deters drug trafficking and terrorist financing .

    Conclusion

    The threats from external state and non-state actors to India’s internal security are complex and require comprehensive strategies. By enhancing intelligence, fostering international cooperation, improving cybersecurity, promoting socio-economic development, and enforcing laws, India can bolster its defenses against these multifaceted challenges.

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Ishan Agarwal
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Ishan AgarwalBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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Examine how external state and non-state actors have influenced separatist movements and insurgencies in India’s border regions, as well as the difficulties in countering these threats.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Vihaan Nair
    Vihaan Nair Learner

    Influence of External State and Non-State Actors in Insurgencies and Separatist Movements in India’s Border Regions Introduction India's border regions have been significant flashpoints for insurgencies and separatist movements, often influenced by external state and non-state actors. These influencRead more

    Influence of External State and Non-State Actors in Insurgencies and Separatist Movements in India’s Border Regions

    Introduction

    India’s border regions have been significant flashpoints for insurgencies and separatist movements, often influenced by external state and non-state actors. These influences complicate the resolution of conflicts and the maintenance of internal security. This analysis examines the impact of such actors on insurgencies and separatist movements and explores the challenges in addressing these threats, with recent examples providing context.

    1. Influence of External State Actors

    a. State Support for Insurgencies

    Pakistan and Kashmir Insurgency: Pakistan has been a prominent external state actor supporting insurgent groups in Jammu and Kashmir. Groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) have received support from Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). The Pulwama attack of February 2019, which resulted in the deaths of 40 CRPF personnel, was carried out by a JeM operative, highlighting the ongoing external influence.
    China and North-Eastern Insurgencies: China has been alleged to provide indirect support to insurgent groups in India’s Northeast, particularly in Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Some reports suggest that China has offered refuge to leaders of insurgent groups such as the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), although direct evidence of such support remains limited.
    b. Diplomatic and Political Support

    Internationalization of Regional Conflicts: Countries like Pakistan have attempted to internationalize the Kashmir issue by bringing it up in international forums such as the United Nations. This international support can embolden separatist groups and internationalize the conflict, complicating diplomatic and security efforts.
    2. Influence of Non-State Actors

    a. Terrorist and Insurgent Groups

    Recruitment and Radicalization: Non-state actors like ISIS have made efforts to recruit and radicalize individuals in India’s border regions. The group’s propaganda has targeted vulnerable youth in Jammu and Kashmir, contributing to radicalization and insurgency.
    Local Insurgent Groups: Regional insurgent groups such as the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and the Bodo insurgents in Assam, as well as the Maoist Naxalites, often receive logistical and financial support from diaspora communities and international sympathizers, impacting local security dynamics.
    b. Cross-Border Smuggling and Arms Trafficking

    Arms Smuggling Networks: Non-state actors involved in arms trafficking often support insurgent groups by smuggling weapons and ammunition. For instance, arms smuggling through the porous India-Bangladesh border has facilitated the activities of insurgent groups in India’s Northeast.
    Drug Trade: The illicit drug trade, often linked to organized crime syndicates and insurgent groups, destabilizes border regions and provides funding for insurgent activities. The Kuki-Chin drug trade in Manipur is an example where drug money has supported insurgent activities.
    3. Challenges in Addressing These Threats

    a. Geopolitical Complexities

    Diplomatic Strains: Engaging with neighboring countries like Pakistan and China on issues related to insurgencies is complicated by geopolitical tensions. Diplomatic efforts to address external support for insurgent groups are often hindered by broader political and strategic conflicts.
    Cross-Border Operations: Conducting cross-border operations to address insurgent threats is fraught with diplomatic and logistical challenges. For example, surgical strikes like the one in September 2016 targeting terrorist camps in Pakistan-administered Kashmir were controversial and raised diplomatic issues.
    b. Local Dynamics and Radicalization

    Socio-Economic Factors: Socio-economic factors, including poverty, unemployment, and lack of development, contribute to the radicalization and recruitment of individuals into insurgent groups. Addressing these root causes is essential but challenging due to the complexity of local dynamics.
    Community Relations: Insurgent groups often exploit local grievances and community divisions to gain support. This complicates efforts to win hearts and minds and to build effective counter-insurgency strategies.
    c. Intelligence and Security Challenges

    Intelligence Gaps: Accurate and timely intelligence is crucial for countering insurgent activities. However, intelligence gaps and difficulties in gathering actionable information in remote and challenging border regions can hinder security operations.
    Coordination Issues: Effective counter-insurgency requires coordination between various security agencies and state governments. Fragmented efforts and lack of inter-agency cooperation can reduce the effectiveness of counter-insurgency operations.
    d. Legal and Human Rights Concerns

    Balancing Security and Rights: Ensuring security while respecting human rights is a delicate balance. Excessive use of force or human rights abuses by security forces can alienate local populations and exacerbate insurgent grievances.
    Legal Framework: Implementing laws and policies to address insurgent activities while adhering to legal standards is challenging. For instance, the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) has faced criticism for its impact on civil liberties, complicating counter-insurgency efforts.
    4. Recommended Measures

    a. Enhanced Diplomacy and Regional Cooperation

    Strengthening Diplomatic Channels: Engaging in robust diplomatic efforts to address the external support for insurgent groups and building regional cooperation are essential for managing cross-border security threats.
    Bilateral Agreements: Negotiating bilateral agreements with neighboring countries to control arms smuggling and address insurgency-related issues can help mitigate external influences.
    b. Addressing Root Causes

    Development Initiatives: Implementing development programs to address socio-economic issues in conflict-prone regions can help reduce the appeal of insurgent groups. Initiatives like the Prime Minister’s Development Package (PMDP) for Jammu and Kashmir aim to improve infrastructure and economic opportunities.
    Community Engagement: Engaging with local communities to address grievances and build trust can help counter radicalization and support efforts to combat insurgency.
    c. Strengthening Security and Intelligence

    Improving Intelligence Capabilities: Investing in advanced intelligence gathering and analysis can enhance the ability to track and disrupt insurgent activities.
    Enhancing Coordination: Fostering better coordination between security agencies and state governments is crucial for effective counter-insurgency operations.
    Conclusion

    The influence of external state and non-state actors on insurgencies and separatist movements in India’s border regions presents significant challenges for internal security. Addressing these threats requires a multi-pronged approach, including diplomatic engagement, development initiatives, enhanced security measures, and community outreach. A comprehensive strategy that balances security needs with respect for human rights and addresses the underlying socio-economic factors will be key to mitigating the impact of these external and internal influences.

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Kumudini Lakhia
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Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the context: Briefly introduce the security situation in Jammu and Kashmir, highlighting the role of non-state actors (militant groups) in destabilizing the region. Mention the evolving nature of tactics: Reference the shift in tactics post the ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The security situation in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has been increasingly complicated by the new and evolving tactics employed by non-state actors, particularly after the abrogation of Article 370. These tactics pose significant security challenges for the region. 1. Hybrid TerrorismRead more

    Model Answer

    The security situation in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has been increasingly complicated by the new and evolving tactics employed by non-state actors, particularly after the abrogation of Article 370. These tactics pose significant security challenges for the region.

    1. Hybrid Terrorism

    Hybrid terrorism has become one of the most significant threats. Non-state actors now operate in small, informal cells targeting soft civilian and off-duty security personnel. These groups are supported by overground workers who provide ideological, financial, and logistical support. In 2023, over 200 such workers were arrested, highlighting the growing scale of this threat. This decentralized method of operation complicates counter-insurgency efforts, as security forces face difficulties in identifying and neutralizing these small groups.

    2. Increased Attacks in Jammu

    There has been a strategic shift in the focus of militant activities toward the Jammu region. This region, perceived as less fortified than the Kashmir Valley, witnessed 43 terror attacks in 2023, significantly higher than in previous years. These attacks have raised concerns about the growing vulnerability of Jammu to militant infiltration and violence.

    3. Attacks on Religious Pilgrimages

    Non-state actors are increasingly targeting religious pilgrimages to incite communal tensions. For instance, a recent attack on a bus carrying Hindu pilgrims in Reasi underlined the potential for these acts to destabilize the region by exacerbating religious divisions. Such attacks aim to disrupt the region’s fragile peace and provoke broader communal unrest.

    4. Use of Drones

    Drones have become a critical tool for terrorists in J&K, enabling them to conduct surveillance, deliver payloads, and carry out attacks with enhanced effectiveness and anonymity. The 2021 drone attack on an Indian Air Force base in Jammu exemplified this new threat, which poses challenges for conventional countermeasures.

    5. Virtual Terrorist Groups

    The rise of virtual terrorist groups is another evolving threat. These groups use digital platforms to recruit, spread propaganda, and expand their influence beyond geographical boundaries. Organizations like The Resistance Front and People’s Anti-Fascist Front use social media to incite violence, making it harder to track and dismantle their operations.

    6. Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)

    The use of liquid IEDs, which are difficult to detect, has increased in J&K. These devices pose a significant risk to both civilians and security forces, making counter-terrorism operations even more challenging.

    In conclusion, the evolving tactics of non-state actors in Jammu and Kashmir have significantly altered the security landscape, requiring a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to address the region’s challenges effectively.

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Dinesh Raghavan
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Dinesh RaghavanBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction  Briefly introduce the concept of commercially available technologies and their increasing accessibility to non-state actors, such as terrorists, violent extremists, and criminal organizations. Mention that while these technologies offer numerous benefits, their misuse poses significant security threats. 2. ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Non-state actors, including terrorists, criminal organizations, and violent extremists, have increasingly accessed commercially available technologies, creating new avenues for malicious activities: Digital Platforms: Social media and cryptocurrency platforms allow non-state actors to sRead more

    Model Answer

    Non-state actors, including terrorists, criminal organizations, and violent extremists, have increasingly accessed commercially available technologies, creating new avenues for malicious activities:

    1. Digital Platforms: Social media and cryptocurrency platforms allow non-state actors to spread propaganda, recruit, radicalize individuals, finance operations, and communicate discreetly. For example, ISIS has used social media to recruit and spread its ideology globally.
    2. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Widely available AI tools can be misused for hacking, creating misinformation, training for attacks, and enhancing operational efficiency. In 2022, ISIS reportedly used AI tools like ChatGPT to bolster its capabilities.
    3. Unmanned Systems (Drones): Drones are increasingly used by non-state actors for surveillance, delivering explosives, or coordinating attacks with greater flexibility. For instance, India has faced cross-border threats using drones for illicit weapon supply.
    4. 3D Printing: The ability to produce weapons or attack devices covertly through 3D printing is a significant risk. Non-state actors have used 3D printing for creating guns and other weapons without the need for traditional manufacturing processes.
    5. Tracking Devices: Technologies such as smartphones, smartwatches, and GPS trackers enable real-time monitoring of shipments involved in illegal activities, such as human trafficking or drug trafficking.

    Global Measures to Address These Risks

    1. UN Initiatives: The UN Office for Disarmament Affairs and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute have collaborated to promote responsible AI innovation for peace and security.
    2. FATF Regulations: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) monitors cryptocurrency use, issuing global standards to prevent its misuse in money laundering and terrorist financing.
    3. Global Coalition for Digital Safety: This initiative fosters public-private cooperation to tackle harmful content online and exchange best practices for online safety regulations.
    4. UNSC Counter-Terrorism Measures: The UNSC Counter-Terrorism Committee has highlighted the threat posed by Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) and issued Resolution 2617 (2021) to address their misuse by terrorists.

    To mitigate these risks, coordinated action from governments, tech companies, and civil society is required to enhance digital security and safeguard against misuse.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Objective: Introduce the concept of proxy wars and their implications for internal security. Content: Briefly explain what proxy wars are and how foreign powers engage in such wars by supporting non-state actors within a country. Mention how ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
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    Model Answer Increased Insurgency One of the major impacts of proxy wars on internal security is the rise of insurgent movements. Foreign countries provide aid, training, and weapons to local groups, empowering them to continue their activities and escalate conflicts. Fact: Experts suggest that MaoiRead more

    Model Answer

    Increased Insurgency

    One of the major impacts of proxy wars on internal security is the rise of insurgent movements. Foreign countries provide aid, training, and weapons to local groups, empowering them to continue their activities and escalate conflicts.

    • Fact: Experts suggest that Maoism or Naxalism in India may be partly fueled by China’s anti-Indian agenda, as external support bolsters insurgent capabilities.

    Communal Tensions

    Proxy wars often exploit existing religious and sectarian divides within a country. External support for such factions can ignite communal violence, leading to social unrest and posing a threat to national cohesion.

    • Fact: Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the ISI, has been implicated in supporting Sikh militant groups, which advocate for an independent Khalistan, exacerbating internal communal tensions.

    Destabilization of Border Regions

    Proxy wars can further destabilize disputed border regions, such as Jammu & Kashmir, by encouraging armed conflict and exacerbating historical tensions. Foreign countries may use proxy warfare to weaken India’s sovereignty in these sensitive areas.

    • Fact: Pakistan’s strategy of proxy warfare, especially in Kashmir, has involved supporting militants, thereby intensifying violence and tensions in the region.

    Cyber Radicalization

    The internet plays a crucial role in the spread of radical ideologies, contributing to internal security challenges. Proxy forces may exploit cyberspace to recruit vulnerable individuals, promoting extremist actions.

    • Fact: In Jammu & Kashmir, militants use the internet and social media to recruit young people to join insurgent groups, amplifying the threat of radicalization.

    Conclusion

    Proxy wars waged by foreign countries significantly undermine India’s internal security by fostering insurgency, promoting communal tensions, destabilizing border regions, and enabling cyber radicalization. Addressing these challenges requires a coordinated approach at both national and international levels, with a focus on preventing foreign interventions that fuel internal conflicts.

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