Role of External State and Non-State Actors in the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in India and Its Impact on Internal Security

Introduction

The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in India, influenced by external state and non-state actors, has significant implications for internal security. This proliferation affects various aspects of domestic stability, including criminal activities, insurgencies, and communal violence. This assessment explores the role of these actors in the proliferation of SALW and examines its impact on India’s internal security environment.

1. Role of External State Actors

a. State-Sponsored Support for Insurgencies

Pakistan and Insurgent Groups: Pakistan has been involved in providing arms and logistical support to insurgent groups operating in India’s border regions, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir. Groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) have received arms from across the border, which have been used in numerous attacks, including the Pulwama attack of 2019. The availability of these weapons has exacerbated the insurgency and posed a direct threat to internal security.
China and the North-East: There have been allegations that China has provided indirect support to insurgent groups in India’s North-East, such as the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA). These groups have reportedly received weapons and ammunition through clandestine channels, impacting the stability of the region.
b. Diplomatic and Covert Operations

International Arms Trade: The international arms trade, often facilitated by state actors, contributes to the proliferation of small arms. Countries with lax export controls can become sources of illicit arms smuggling into India. For example, weapons diverted from South-East Asia and Eastern Europe have been found in the hands of insurgent groups and criminal networks within India.
2. Role of Non-State Actors

a. Criminal Syndicates and Smuggling Networks

Arms Smuggling: Non-state actors such as criminal syndicates play a significant role in the proliferation of SALW through illegal smuggling operations. The India-Bangladesh border and the India-Myanmar border are known smuggling routes for arms. Recent investigations have revealed that these smuggling networks supply weapons to various criminal and insurgent groups within India.
Illicit Trade and Distribution: Organized crime groups, including gangs involved in drug trafficking, also deal in small arms. The Kuki-Chin drug trade in Manipur, for instance, involves not only drug trafficking but also the illegal arms trade, which supports insurgent activities and local criminal networks.
b. Extremist and Terrorist Organizations

ISIS and Domestic Threats: While ISIS has not been directly involved in small arms proliferation in India, its ideology has influenced domestic extremist groups that have sought to acquire and use SALW. For example, radicalized individuals and small local cells influenced by ISIS may engage in illicit arms trading to support their activities.
Local Insurgent Groups: Groups like the Maoist Naxalites use small arms in their insurgency against the state. These weapons often originate from illegal sources and contribute to violent incidents and attacks on security forces.
3. Impact on Internal Security

a. Increased Violence and Crime

Criminal Activities: The proliferation of SALW has led to an increase in violent crime, including armed robbery and gang violence. Cities like Delhi and Mumbai have witnessed a rise in crimes involving small arms, impacting public safety and security.
Insurgency and Terrorism: The availability of SALW has intensified insurgent activities and terrorist attacks. The Guwahati bombings and various attacks by Naxalite groups highlight how access to arms fuels ongoing violence and instability in conflict-prone areas.
b. Challenges to Law Enforcement and Security Forces

Operational Difficulties: Security forces face challenges in countering well-armed insurgent and criminal groups. The Chhattisgarh Naxal attack in 2021, where heavily armed Naxalites ambushed a security convoy, underscores the difficulties faced by law enforcement in dealing with groups equipped with advanced weaponry.
Increased Casualties: The use of small arms in conflicts leads to higher casualties among both security personnel and civilians. The Naxalite-Maoist insurgency has resulted in significant losses for security forces due to the widespread availability of arms.
4. Measures to Address the Issue

a. Strengthening Border Security

Enhanced Surveillance and Patrols: Improving border security measures to detect and prevent illegal arms smuggling is crucial. The use of technology such as drones and sensors can help monitor and control smuggling routes.
International Cooperation: Collaborating with neighboring countries and international organizations to address arms trafficking can enhance border security efforts. For example, India’s engagement with Bangladesh and Myanmar to combat cross-border smuggling has been a step towards mitigating this issue.
b. Legal and Regulatory Measures

Stringent Arms Control Laws: Enforcing stricter arms control laws and regulations can help curb the proliferation of SALW. The Arms Act, 1959 and its amendments need to be effectively implemented and updated to address new challenges.
Monitoring and Enforcement: Strengthening enforcement agencies and increasing penalties for illegal arms possession and trafficking can deter criminal activities. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) play key roles in monitoring and investigating arms-related crimes.
c. Community and Civil Society Engagement

Awareness Programs: Educating communities about the dangers of small arms proliferation and involving civil society in arms control efforts can help reduce local support for illicit arms trade. Community policing initiatives and awareness campaigns can build trust and cooperation between law enforcement and local populations.
Rehabilitation and Disarmament: Implementing disarmament and rehabilitation programs for former insurgents and criminals can help reduce the number of weapons in circulation. Programs like the Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy in Jammu and Kashmir aim to encourage insurgents to give up arms and reintegrate into society.
Conclusion

The proliferation of small arms and light weapons in India, influenced by both external state and non-state actors, poses significant challenges to internal security. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach, including strengthening border security, enforcing stringent legal measures, enhancing community engagement, and fostering international cooperation. By implementing these measures, India can mitigate the impact of SALW proliferation and enhance its internal security environment.

Implications of Increasing Cyber Threats from External State and Non-State Actors on India’s Internal Security and Measures to Strengthen Cyber Resilience

Introduction

The rise in cyber threats from both external state and non-state actors poses a significant challenge to India’s internal security. These threats impact various sectors, including critical infrastructure, economic stability, and national defense. This discussion explores the implications of these cyber threats and outlines measures to enhance India’s cyber resilience.

1. Implications of Cyber Threats

a. Threats from External State Actors

State-Sponsored Cyber Attacks: External state actors, particularly from countries like China and Pakistan, have been involved in cyber espionage and attacks targeting India’s critical infrastructure and defense systems. For instance, Chinese hacker groups have been linked to cyber attacks on Indian defense research establishments, including the DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation). These attacks aim to steal sensitive information and disrupt strategic operations.
Geopolitical Tensions: State-sponsored cyber activities often escalate during periods of geopolitical tension. The 2020 cyber attack on Indian power grids, which was attributed to Chinese state actors, occurred amidst heightened border tensions, illustrating how cyber threats can be used as a tool of geopolitical maneuvering.
b. Threats from Non-State Actors

Cyber Criminals and Hacktivists: Non-state actors such as cyber criminals and hacktivist groups pose significant threats through ransomware attacks, data breaches, and other malicious activities. The ransomware attack on the Karnataka State Cyber Security (KSCS) in 2020 exemplifies the growing threat from cyber criminals, leading to operational disruptions and financial losses.
Terrorist Organizations: Terrorist groups like ISIS have utilized the internet and social media platforms for recruitment, propaganda, and potentially for cyber attacks. These groups’ capabilities to execute cyber operations can undermine national security by creating public fear and disrupting services.
c. Impact on Critical Infrastructure and Economy

Disruption of Services: Cyber attacks on critical infrastructure such as power grids, transportation systems, and financial institutions can lead to widespread disruptions. For example, the 2021 attack on India’s gas distribution network, which was reportedly state-sponsored, raised concerns about the vulnerability of essential services to cyber threats.
Economic Costs: The economic impact of cyber attacks includes financial losses due to theft of data, intellectual property, and operational disruptions. According to a 2023 report by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), the cost of cybercrime to the Indian economy is estimated to be in the billions, affecting both private and public sectors.
2. Measures to Strengthen Cyber Resilience

a. Strengthening Cybersecurity Framework

National Cyber Security Strategy: India has developed a National Cyber Security Strategy (NCSS) to provide a comprehensive approach to cyber threats. The strategy includes measures for enhancing infrastructure security, incident response, and capacity building.
Cyber Security Policies and Frameworks: Policies such as the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 and frameworks like the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) aim to enhance cybersecurity and streamline responses to cyber incidents.
b. Enhancing Critical Infrastructure Protection

Upgrading Security Protocols: Critical infrastructure entities need to implement robust security protocols and regular vulnerability assessments. The National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) is responsible for safeguarding critical sectors and ensuring their resilience against cyber threats.
Sector-Specific Guidelines: Industry-specific guidelines and standards, such as those issued by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), help organizations strengthen their defenses against cyber attacks. For example, the Banking Sector Cyber Security Framework mandates stringent security practices for financial institutions.
c. Capacity Building and Training

Cybersecurity Training Programs: Regular training and awareness programs for personnel handling critical infrastructure can improve response capabilities. The Cyber Surakshit Bharat initiative, launched in 2018, aims to provide training and resources to strengthen the cybersecurity workforce.
Educational Initiatives: Incorporating cybersecurity education into academic curricula and professional development programs helps build a skilled workforce capable of addressing evolving cyber threats.
d. International Cooperation and Collaboration

Global Partnerships: Engaging in international cooperation with cybersecurity agencies and organizations helps share intelligence and best practices. India’s participation in international forums like the Global Forum on Cyber Expertise (GFCE) and collaboration with countries like the United States enhance its cyber defense capabilities.
Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements with countries facing similar cyber threats can facilitate joint efforts in tackling cybercrime and espionage. For example, India and the United States have established cybersecurity partnerships to enhance mutual defense against cyber threats.
e. Incident Response and Recovery

Incident Response Teams: Establishing and maintaining efficient incident response teams, such as the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In), ensures prompt action during cyber incidents and minimizes damage.
Cyber Resilience Plans: Developing and regularly updating cyber resilience plans helps organizations prepare for, respond to, and recover from cyber attacks. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) provides guidelines for integrating cybersecurity into disaster recovery planning.
Conclusion

The increasing cyber threats from external state and non-state actors pose significant challenges to India’s internal security. These threats impact critical infrastructure, economic stability, and national defense. Strengthening cyber resilience requires a multifaceted approach, including robust cybersecurity frameworks, enhanced protection of critical infrastructure, capacity building, international cooperation, and effective incident response. By implementing these measures, India can better safeguard its digital landscape and mitigate the risks associated with evolving cyber threats.