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Home/upsc: role of external state & non-state actors

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Mehak Mehara
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Mehak MeharaBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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India’s growing drug trafficking is caused by more than just its close proximity to one of the world’s biggest drug producing networks. Talk about it. Emphasize the steps the administration has taking to address this escalating threat. (Answer in 250 ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Neeru Kumari
    Neeru Kumari Begginer

    India is sandwiched between the two largest drug production networks of the world namely the Golden Triangle (Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar) and the Golden Crescent (Afghanistan-Pakistan- Iran), and this makes India vulnerable to drug trafficking. However, the factors responsible for the growing menacRead more

    India is sandwiched between the two largest drug production networks of the world namely the Golden Triangle (Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar) and the Golden Crescent (Afghanistan-Pakistan- Iran), and this makes India vulnerable to drug trafficking. However, the factors responsible for the growing menace of drug trafficking in the country go beyond its mere proximity to the largest drug production networks.

    These factors include the following:

    • Availability of maritime routes: With a long coastline and availability of numerous ports, India is sensitive to drug trafficking through maritime routes. For example, according to the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), drug trafficking through sea routes in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal is estimated to be around 70% of the total illegal drugs smuggled into India.
    • Increased demand for drugs: From traditional plant-based drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, and heroin to synthetic drugs such as tramadol, demand for narcotic substances in India has increased manifold in recent years.
    • Social factors: Various factors like the disintegration of the old joint family system, absence of parental love and care in modern families where both parents are working, a decline of old religious and moral values, etc. have led to a rise in the number of drug addicts and thus, drug trafficking.
    • The increased role of the Internet: Challenges such as emergence of illegal Internet pharmacies, the use of the dark net to place orders and make payments through trading platforms using cryptocurrencies, etc. have increased the procurement of drugs and made distribution easy.
    • Logistical issues: There are issues of manpower, infrastructure challenges, and budgetary constraints to intercepting drugs at points of India’s entry for the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), which is the lead agency in this regard.

    • Inadequate diplomatic leverage: India’s current diplomatic leverage and security cooperation are minimal both at the point of origin, i.e., Afghanistan, and the principal route, i.e., Pakistan, which makes it difficult to gather intelligence about smuggling.

    Various measures taken by the government to tackle drug trafficking in India include:

    • Institutional measures:
      • The Anti-Narcotics Task Force, a task force on the dark web, cryptocurrencies, etc. has been constituted to act quickly to curb drugs and the usage of the dark net in drug procurement. Amongst border guarding agencies, the Border Security Force (BSF), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), and Coast Guard have been empowered to take action under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.
    • Technological measures
    • A National Narcotics Coordination Portal (NCORD) has been created through which all agencies across the country will not only be able to get information but will also be able to exchange the best practices.
    • Administrative measures:
    • The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has formulated and is implementing a National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) for 2018-2025, which aims at the reduction of adverse consequences of drug abuse through a multi-pronged strategy involving education, de-addiction and rehabilitation of affected individuals and their families.
    • De-addiction campaigns are being run, there is strict surveillance and enforcement at import and export points of drugs, and training programs are being conducted for various law enforcement officials to combat the drug menace.
    • Global measures: The government of India has entered into a separate Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on narcotics with different countries for the timely exchange of intelligence information to take place. For example, the MoU between India and Nepal on Drug Demand Reduction and Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

    Drugs have an adverse effect on the security of the individual, society, economy, and country, which is why it is necessary to uproot their use with firmness. No healthy, prosperous, capable, and safe nation can achieve its goals without adopting a zero-tolerance policy against drug trafficking.

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Jitendra Singh
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Jitendra SinghBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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In India’s Northeast, there has been a noticeable decrease in insurgency-related violence and civilian casualties. But before a new era of peace can begin, there are still a number of issues that must be resolved. Talk about it. (Answer in ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Sunita Soni
    Sunita Soni Begginer

    As per the Ministry of Home Affairs, there has been a 74% reduction in insurgency incidents an 89% decline in civilian deaths, and 60% in casualties of security forces in the Northeastern region in 2021 compared to 2014. From 2014 till July 15, 2022, a total of 6,070 cadres of various insurgent grouRead more

    As per the Ministry of Home Affairs, there has been a 74% reduction in insurgency incidents an 89% decline in civilian deaths, and 60% in casualties of security forces in the Northeastern region in 2021 compared to 2014. From 2014 till July 15, 2022, a total of 6,070 cadres of various insurgent groups in the northeastern states surrendered with 1,404 arms and joined the mainstream of society.

    Steps taken to promote peace in North East India:

    • Major peace accords: Such as the Bodo Accord (2020), and the Karbi Anglong Agreement (2021).
    • Bru-Reang Agreement (2020): To resolve the refugee crisis by settling the internally displaced people of western Mizoram in Tripura.
    • Assam-Meghalaya Inter-State Boundary Agreement, 2022: To settle the dispute over six areas out of a total of twelve areas of the interstate boundary dispute between the two states.
    • Power of mobility and connectivity: Itanagar, Agartala, and Imphal have been connected through Railways, and in the remaining five capitals connectivity projects are nearing completion. Over 38,000 km of rural roads have been completed. With 15 new airports, the region is a priority area under the UDAN scheme with 46 operational routes.

    Roadblocks in the era of peace to dawn in North East:

    • Ethnocentric disputes: Ethnic identity has been critical in sustaining armed movements in the region and even within individual states.
      • A major hurdle before the government while signing an accord is the demand over the same territory by two rebel groups. For example, the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation stepped up demand for Kamatapur state comprising some areas in the Bodoland region and in Bengal soon after the signing of the Bodo Accord in 2020.
    • Splinter groups: New militant groups get created from the same region or community after one enters a ceasefire pact, starts dialogue or signs an agreement with the government.
      • For example, the delay in signing the final Naga Peace agreement is due to the power struggle between the NSCN-IM and NNPG (the conglomerate organization that represent 6 smaller Naga political groups including GPRN/NSCN, NSCN (R), etc.).
    • Running a parallel government: Some groups under ceasefire have taken advantage of the agreements. For example, the NSCN (IM) had been permitted to establish camps in Nagaland and Manipur but it has used it to carry arms and almost run a parallel government.
    • Military rule in Myanmar: Recent reports also indicate that the Myanmar army is utilizing Indian insurgent groups to fight those who are in opposition to the junta regime. The government is trying to bring economic progress to all in North-East India by making efforts in the direction of creating the North-East as the hub of sports in the world, a leading exporter of exotic horticultural products, and a hotbed of start-ups while fast becoming the most attractive tourist destination in India.
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Kumudini Lakhia
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Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the context: Briefly introduce the security situation in Jammu and Kashmir, highlighting the role of non-state actors (militant groups) in destabilizing the region. Mention the evolving nature of tactics: Reference the shift in tactics post the ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The security situation in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has been increasingly complicated by the new and evolving tactics employed by non-state actors, particularly after the abrogation of Article 370. These tactics pose significant security challenges for the region. 1. Hybrid TerrorismRead more

    Model Answer

    The security situation in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has been increasingly complicated by the new and evolving tactics employed by non-state actors, particularly after the abrogation of Article 370. These tactics pose significant security challenges for the region.

    1. Hybrid Terrorism

    Hybrid terrorism has become one of the most significant threats. Non-state actors now operate in small, informal cells targeting soft civilian and off-duty security personnel. These groups are supported by overground workers who provide ideological, financial, and logistical support. In 2023, over 200 such workers were arrested, highlighting the growing scale of this threat. This decentralized method of operation complicates counter-insurgency efforts, as security forces face difficulties in identifying and neutralizing these small groups.

    2. Increased Attacks in Jammu

    There has been a strategic shift in the focus of militant activities toward the Jammu region. This region, perceived as less fortified than the Kashmir Valley, witnessed 43 terror attacks in 2023, significantly higher than in previous years. These attacks have raised concerns about the growing vulnerability of Jammu to militant infiltration and violence.

    3. Attacks on Religious Pilgrimages

    Non-state actors are increasingly targeting religious pilgrimages to incite communal tensions. For instance, a recent attack on a bus carrying Hindu pilgrims in Reasi underlined the potential for these acts to destabilize the region by exacerbating religious divisions. Such attacks aim to disrupt the region’s fragile peace and provoke broader communal unrest.

    4. Use of Drones

    Drones have become a critical tool for terrorists in J&K, enabling them to conduct surveillance, deliver payloads, and carry out attacks with enhanced effectiveness and anonymity. The 2021 drone attack on an Indian Air Force base in Jammu exemplified this new threat, which poses challenges for conventional countermeasures.

    5. Virtual Terrorist Groups

    The rise of virtual terrorist groups is another evolving threat. These groups use digital platforms to recruit, spread propaganda, and expand their influence beyond geographical boundaries. Organizations like The Resistance Front and People’s Anti-Fascist Front use social media to incite violence, making it harder to track and dismantle their operations.

    6. Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)

    The use of liquid IEDs, which are difficult to detect, has increased in J&K. These devices pose a significant risk to both civilians and security forces, making counter-terrorism operations even more challenging.

    In conclusion, the evolving tactics of non-state actors in Jammu and Kashmir have significantly altered the security landscape, requiring a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to address the region’s challenges effectively.

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Dinesh Raghavan
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Dinesh RaghavanBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction  Briefly introduce the concept of commercially available technologies and their increasing accessibility to non-state actors, such as terrorists, violent extremists, and criminal organizations. Mention that while these technologies offer numerous benefits, their misuse poses significant security threats. 2. ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Non-state actors, including terrorists, criminal organizations, and violent extremists, have increasingly accessed commercially available technologies, creating new avenues for malicious activities: Digital Platforms: Social media and cryptocurrency platforms allow non-state actors to sRead more

    Model Answer

    Non-state actors, including terrorists, criminal organizations, and violent extremists, have increasingly accessed commercially available technologies, creating new avenues for malicious activities:

    1. Digital Platforms: Social media and cryptocurrency platforms allow non-state actors to spread propaganda, recruit, radicalize individuals, finance operations, and communicate discreetly. For example, ISIS has used social media to recruit and spread its ideology globally.
    2. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Widely available AI tools can be misused for hacking, creating misinformation, training for attacks, and enhancing operational efficiency. In 2022, ISIS reportedly used AI tools like ChatGPT to bolster its capabilities.
    3. Unmanned Systems (Drones): Drones are increasingly used by non-state actors for surveillance, delivering explosives, or coordinating attacks with greater flexibility. For instance, India has faced cross-border threats using drones for illicit weapon supply.
    4. 3D Printing: The ability to produce weapons or attack devices covertly through 3D printing is a significant risk. Non-state actors have used 3D printing for creating guns and other weapons without the need for traditional manufacturing processes.
    5. Tracking Devices: Technologies such as smartphones, smartwatches, and GPS trackers enable real-time monitoring of shipments involved in illegal activities, such as human trafficking or drug trafficking.

    Global Measures to Address These Risks

    1. UN Initiatives: The UN Office for Disarmament Affairs and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute have collaborated to promote responsible AI innovation for peace and security.
    2. FATF Regulations: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) monitors cryptocurrency use, issuing global standards to prevent its misuse in money laundering and terrorist financing.
    3. Global Coalition for Digital Safety: This initiative fosters public-private cooperation to tackle harmful content online and exchange best practices for online safety regulations.
    4. UNSC Counter-Terrorism Measures: The UNSC Counter-Terrorism Committee has highlighted the threat posed by Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) and issued Resolution 2617 (2021) to address their misuse by terrorists.

    To mitigate these risks, coordinated action from governments, tech companies, and civil society is required to enhance digital security and safeguard against misuse.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Objective: Introduce the concept of proxy wars and their implications for internal security. Content: Briefly explain what proxy wars are and how foreign powers engage in such wars by supporting non-state actors within a country. Mention how ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Increased Insurgency One of the major impacts of proxy wars on internal security is the rise of insurgent movements. Foreign countries provide aid, training, and weapons to local groups, empowering them to continue their activities and escalate conflicts. Fact: Experts suggest that MaoiRead more

    Model Answer

    Increased Insurgency

    One of the major impacts of proxy wars on internal security is the rise of insurgent movements. Foreign countries provide aid, training, and weapons to local groups, empowering them to continue their activities and escalate conflicts.

    • Fact: Experts suggest that Maoism or Naxalism in India may be partly fueled by China’s anti-Indian agenda, as external support bolsters insurgent capabilities.

    Communal Tensions

    Proxy wars often exploit existing religious and sectarian divides within a country. External support for such factions can ignite communal violence, leading to social unrest and posing a threat to national cohesion.

    • Fact: Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the ISI, has been implicated in supporting Sikh militant groups, which advocate for an independent Khalistan, exacerbating internal communal tensions.

    Destabilization of Border Regions

    Proxy wars can further destabilize disputed border regions, such as Jammu & Kashmir, by encouraging armed conflict and exacerbating historical tensions. Foreign countries may use proxy warfare to weaken India’s sovereignty in these sensitive areas.

    • Fact: Pakistan’s strategy of proxy warfare, especially in Kashmir, has involved supporting militants, thereby intensifying violence and tensions in the region.

    Cyber Radicalization

    The internet plays a crucial role in the spread of radical ideologies, contributing to internal security challenges. Proxy forces may exploit cyberspace to recruit vulnerable individuals, promoting extremist actions.

    • Fact: In Jammu & Kashmir, militants use the internet and social media to recruit young people to join insurgent groups, amplifying the threat of radicalization.

    Conclusion

    Proxy wars waged by foreign countries significantly undermine India’s internal security by fostering insurgency, promoting communal tensions, destabilizing border regions, and enabling cyber radicalization. Addressing these challenges requires a coordinated approach at both national and international levels, with a focus on preventing foreign interventions that fuel internal conflicts.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the context of insurgency in North-East India and the significance of the decline in violence. 2. Current Situation Present relevant statistics to illustrate the reduction in violence, such as the 80% decrease in insurgency incidents since ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer 1. Civil Society Initiatives Civil society organizations have played a crucial role in fostering peace and reconciliation in the region. Groups such as the North East Network and the Naga Mothers' Association have been instrumental in bridging gaps between communities and the state, proRead more

    Model Answer

    1. Civil Society Initiatives

    Civil society organizations have played a crucial role in fostering peace and reconciliation in the region. Groups such as the North East Network and the Naga Mothers’ Association have been instrumental in bridging gaps between communities and the state, promoting dialogue and development initiatives that contribute to stability .

    2. Effective Counter-Insurgency Operations

    The Indian security forces have implemented intelligence-driven operations that have successfully disrupted insurgent networks. Enhanced coordination between central and state forces, along with the use of advanced technology, has significantly improved operational effectiveness. A notable example is the cross-border surgical strike in Myanmar against the NSCN-Khaplang faction in 2015, which showcased the proactive measures taken to combat insurgency.

    3. Fatigue and Fading Leadership

    Prolonged conflicts with minimal gains have led to fatigue within some insurgent groups. The aging leadership and internal dissent have further weakened their resolve. The deaths of prominent leaders, such as Isak Chishi Swu and S.S. Khaplang, have notably diminished the strength of groups like NSCN-IM and NSCN-Khaplang, contributing to a decline in insurgency activities .

    4. India’s Foreign Policy

    A significant shift in India’s foreign policy has fostered better cooperation with neighboring countries in countering insurgency. For instance, Bangladesh’s assistance in apprehending top leaders of insurgent organizations, such as the National Democratic Front of Bodoland, has been pivotal in reducing cross-border insurgent activities .

    Overall, the decline in insurgency-related violence in North-East India reflects a comprehensive approach by the government, combining military action, community engagement, and diplomatic efforts. This positive trend requires ongoing commitment and collaboration at all levels to ensure lasting peace.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
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Many see the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as an essential component of China’s broader ‘One Belt One Road’ program. Give a brief overview of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and list the reasons India has withdrawn from it. (150 words) ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant development project that forms a key part of China's broader "One Belt One Road" initiative. CPEC aims to connect Gwadar Port in Pakistan’s Balochistan province to Xinjiang in northwestern China through a networkRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a significant development project that forms a key part of China’s broader “One Belt One Road” initiative. CPEC aims to connect Gwadar Port in Pakistan’s Balochistan province to Xinjiang in northwestern China through a network of roads, railways, and pipelines. The corridor is expected to enhance trade, boost economic growth, and promote regional connectivity. However, despite its potential benefits, India has chosen to distance itself from the initiative.

    Reasons for India’s Distancing from CPEC

    1. Sovereignty Issues
      • CPEC traverses Gilgit-Baltistan, a region that India claims as part of its territory but is administered by Pakistan. This raises significant concerns regarding India’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
      • Fact: India has consistently maintained that any infrastructure project in this disputed region undermines its claims and interests (Ministry of External Affairs, India).
    2. Strategic Concerns
      • India perceives CPEC as a strategic maneuver by China to extend its influence in South Asia, potentially providing the Chinese military with advantages that could alter the regional power balance.
      • Fact: Analysts believe that CPEC could facilitate increased Chinese military presence near India’s borders, which is a point of concern for Indian security (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses).
    3. Lack of Transparency
      • India raises concerns about the transparency and governance standards involved in CPEC’s implementation. There are fears regarding the potential environmental impacts and the decision-making processes behind the projects.
      • Fact: Reports indicate that many CPEC projects have not undergone thorough environmental assessments, leading to skepticism about their sustainability (Pakistani Environmental Authority).
    4. Debt Diplomacy
      • India is wary of the potential for “debt diplomacy” associated with Chinese investments, where countries become economically dependent on China due to unsustainable debt levels.
      • Fact: Instances in countries like Sri Lanka, where Chinese loans led to significant economic challenges, serve as cautionary tales for India (Financial Times).

    Conclusion

    India’s distancing from CPEC is rooted in its concerns over sovereignty, strategic stability, transparency, and economic risks. These factors highlight India’s need to strengthen its own strategic and economic ties to effectively counterbalance regional developments influenced by China.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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“The diverse nature of India as a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society is not immune to the impact of radicalism which is seen in her neighbourhood.” Talk on the tactics that should be used to combat this environment.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Pranav Kapur
    Pranav Kapur Learner

    Introduction: India's diverse and multi-religious, multi-ethnic society is influenced by radicalism, which is increasingly seen in its neighboring regions. This radicalism can affect India's internal stability and social harmony. Addressing this issue requires effective strategies to counteract radiRead more

    Introduction: India’s diverse and multi-religious, multi-ethnic society is influenced by radicalism, which is increasingly seen in its neighboring regions. This radicalism can affect India’s internal stability and social harmony. Addressing this issue requires effective strategies to counteract radical influences and maintain national unity.

    Impact of Radicalism on India:

    • Cross-Border Influences: Radical ideologies from neighboring countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan have occasionally spilled over into India. For example, the rise of Islamist radical groups in Pakistan has led to increased cross-border terrorism and radical recruitment efforts affecting regions like Jammu and Kashmir.
    • Internal Radicalization: Radical elements within India, influenced by external ideologies, can contribute to domestic unrest. The growth of radical groups can exacerbate sectarian tensions and lead to incidents of communal violence. Recent examples include the increasing radicalization seen in parts of Assam and West Bengal.
    • Social Polarization: Radicalism can deepen social divisions along religious and ethnic lines, undermining India’s pluralistic fabric. For instance, the radicalization of certain groups has led to increased communal tensions and social discord in various parts of the country.

    Strategies to Counter Radicalism:

    • Strengthening Intelligence and Security: Enhancing intelligence gathering and improving border security are crucial for preventing the infiltration of radical elements. For instance, the recent efforts to bolster surveillance and counter-terrorism measures in Jammu and Kashmir aim to curb radical influences.
    • Promoting Social Integration: Fostering social cohesion and promoting dialogue among different communities can reduce the appeal of radical ideologies. Initiatives like the National Integration Council and community outreach programs are vital in promoting interfaith and inter-ethnic harmony.
    • Educational and Awareness Programs: Education plays a key role in countering radicalism. Educational programs that promote secular values and critical thinking can help in mitigating the influence of radical ideologies. The emphasis on education and awareness, such as the National Educational Policy (NEP) 2020, aims to create a more inclusive and informed society.
    • Legislative Measures: Enforcing strict laws against radical activities and providing legal frameworks for counter-radicalization efforts are essential. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) has been actively involved in investigating and prosecuting cases related to radicalization and terrorism.
    • Community Engagement: Engaging with local communities to address grievances and provide economic opportunities can reduce the susceptibility to radical influences. Programs like the Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM) aim to improve socio-economic conditions in vulnerable areas.

    Recent Examples:

    • Jammu and Kashmir: The ongoing counter-radicalization efforts in Jammu and Kashmir, including security operations and community engagement programs, highlight the focus on addressing radical influences.
    • Assam and West Bengal: Recent efforts to promote communal harmony and social integration in Assam and West Bengal aim to mitigate the impact of radical ideologies and prevent communal conflicts.

    Conclusion: India’s multi-religious and multi-ethnic nature makes it susceptible to the impacts of radicalism from neighboring regions. Countering this threat requires a multi-faceted approach, including enhanced security measures, social integration, educational initiatives, legislative actions, and community engagement. By adopting these strategies, India can work towards maintaining its social harmony and national unity amidst the challenges posed by radicalism.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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One of the main security concerns is the use of social media and the Internet for subversive purposes by non-state actors. In what ways have these been abused recently? Provide workable instructions to lessen the aforementioned risks. (200 words) [UPSC ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The use of the internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities has become a major concern worldwide. These platforms, while being avenues for communication and information exchange, are also exploited for spreading propaganda, recruitment, and coordiRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The use of the internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities has become a major concern worldwide. These platforms, while being avenues for communication and information exchange, are also exploited for spreading propaganda, recruitment, and coordinating malicious activities.

    Recent Misuses of Internet and Social Media

    1. Recruitment and Radicalization: Groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda have extensively used the internet for recruitment and radicalization, reaching audiences globally. For instance, the recruitment of Indian youth by ISIS via online platforms has been documented, highlighting the effectiveness of these channels in attracting vulnerable individuals.
    2. Spreading Propaganda: Social media has been a tool for disseminating extremist ideologies, fake news, and hate speech. Incidents like the Panchkula violence in India were exacerbated due to the spread of misinformation on social media, demonstrating how false narratives can incite violence and unrest.
    3. Coordination of Activities: Non-state actors have utilized encrypted communication to plan and coordinate attacks and subversive activities. The Paris attacks of 2015 exemplified this misuse, where attackers communicated through secure messaging apps to evade detection.

    Guidelines to Curb the Threat

    1. Strengthening Legal Framework: Enhancing cyber laws, such as the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 in India, is crucial to effectively counter internet misuse, ensuring they align with the evolving digital landscape.
    2. Monitoring and Surveillance: Fortifying online monitoring mechanisms while ensuring that privacy rights are not infringed upon is essential. This approach should be guided by legal precedents, such as the Supreme Court ruling on privacy in 2017.
    3. Public Awareness Campaigns: Conducting cyber literacy and awareness programs, like India’s “Cyber Swachhta Kendra” initiative under the Ministry of Electronics and IT, can educate citizens about online threats and promote responsible internet usage.
    4. International Cooperation: Amplifying global cooperation for cyber intelligence, information sharing, and harmonizing legal frameworks is vital. Initiatives like the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime advocate for collaborative efforts to combat cyber threats effectively.

    Conclusion

    While the misuse of the internet and social media by non-state actors poses a significant challenge, it can be addressed through concerted efforts involving legal measures, technology, public awareness, and international cooperation, ensuring a safer and secure cyberspace.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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One of the main security concerns is the use of social media and the Internet for subversive purposes by non-state actors. In what ways have these been abused recently? Provide workable instructions to lessen the aforementioned risks. (200 words) [UPSC ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The use of the internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities poses a significant security concern in India. These platforms have been exploited for various malicious purposes, including recruitment, propaganda, and coordination of attacks. Recent MRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The use of the internet and social media by non-state actors for subversive activities poses a significant security concern in India. These platforms have been exploited for various malicious purposes, including recruitment, propaganda, and coordination of attacks.

    Recent Misuses

    1. Recruitment and Radicalization: Terrorist organizations like ISIS have utilized social media to recruit individuals, particularly targeting vulnerable youth. For instance, there have been cases of Indian youth being radicalized and recruited through online platforms.
    2. Spreading Propaganda: Social media serves as a tool for disseminating extremist ideologies and misinformation. Events such as the Panchkula violence in India were exacerbated by the spread of fake news on these platforms, leading to public unrest.
    3. Coordination of Activities: Non-state actors have leveraged encrypted communication apps to plan and execute attacks, making it challenging for law enforcement to monitor their activities. The Paris attacks in 2015 exemplified how such coordination can lead to devastating outcomes.

    Guidelines to Curb the Threat

    1. Strengthening Legal Framework: Enhance existing cyber laws, such as the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, to effectively counter the misuse of the internet and social media by non-state actors.
    2. Monitoring and Surveillance: Implement robust online monitoring mechanisms while respecting privacy rights, as guided by legal precedents. This can help in identifying and mitigating threats before they escalate.
    3. Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct initiatives to educate citizens about online threats and the importance of digital literacy. Programs like India’s “Cyber Swachhta Kendra” can play a crucial role in this regard.
    4. International Cooperation: Foster global collaboration for cyber intelligence sharing and harmonizing legal frameworks to combat cross-border cyber threats effectively.

    Conclusion

    The misuse of the internet and social media by non-state actors is a complex challenge that requires a multifaceted approach. By implementing effective guidelines and fostering cooperation, India can enhance its security framework against these emerging threats.

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On: February 22, 2025 Comments: 0

India’s Disaster Management

The article discusses the growing tensions between the Centre and states regarding disaster relief funding in India. It emphasizes the need for a transparent and equitable disaster management framework. Key Disaster Threats India Faces Increasing Frequency of Extreme Weather Events ...

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