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Home/upsc: role of external state & non-state actors/Page 2

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the context of insurgency in North-East India and the significance of the decline in violence. 2. Current Situation Present relevant statistics to illustrate the reduction in violence, such as the 80% decrease in insurgency incidents since ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer 1. Civil Society Initiatives Civil society organizations have played a crucial role in fostering peace and reconciliation in the region. Groups such as the North East Network and the Naga Mothers' Association have been instrumental in bridging gaps between communities and the state, proRead more

    Model Answer

    1. Civil Society Initiatives

    Civil society organizations have played a crucial role in fostering peace and reconciliation in the region. Groups such as the North East Network and the Naga Mothers’ Association have been instrumental in bridging gaps between communities and the state, promoting dialogue and development initiatives that contribute to stability .

    2. Effective Counter-Insurgency Operations

    The Indian security forces have implemented intelligence-driven operations that have successfully disrupted insurgent networks. Enhanced coordination between central and state forces, along with the use of advanced technology, has significantly improved operational effectiveness. A notable example is the cross-border surgical strike in Myanmar against the NSCN-Khaplang faction in 2015, which showcased the proactive measures taken to combat insurgency.

    3. Fatigue and Fading Leadership

    Prolonged conflicts with minimal gains have led to fatigue within some insurgent groups. The aging leadership and internal dissent have further weakened their resolve. The deaths of prominent leaders, such as Isak Chishi Swu and S.S. Khaplang, have notably diminished the strength of groups like NSCN-IM and NSCN-Khaplang, contributing to a decline in insurgency activities .

    4. India’s Foreign Policy

    A significant shift in India’s foreign policy has fostered better cooperation with neighboring countries in countering insurgency. For instance, Bangladesh’s assistance in apprehending top leaders of insurgent organizations, such as the National Democratic Front of Bodoland, has been pivotal in reducing cross-border insurgent activities .

    Overall, the decline in insurgency-related violence in North-East India reflects a comprehensive approach by the government, combining military action, community engagement, and diplomatic efforts. This positive trend requires ongoing commitment and collaboration at all levels to ensure lasting peace.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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“The diverse nature of India as a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society is not immune to the impact of radicalism which is seen in her neighbourhood.” Talk on the tactics that should be used to combat this environment.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Pranav Kapur
    Pranav Kapur Learner

    Introduction: India's diverse and multi-religious, multi-ethnic society is influenced by radicalism, which is increasingly seen in its neighboring regions. This radicalism can affect India's internal stability and social harmony. Addressing this issue requires effective strategies to counteract radiRead more

    Introduction: India’s diverse and multi-religious, multi-ethnic society is influenced by radicalism, which is increasingly seen in its neighboring regions. This radicalism can affect India’s internal stability and social harmony. Addressing this issue requires effective strategies to counteract radical influences and maintain national unity.

    Impact of Radicalism on India:

    • Cross-Border Influences: Radical ideologies from neighboring countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan have occasionally spilled over into India. For example, the rise of Islamist radical groups in Pakistan has led to increased cross-border terrorism and radical recruitment efforts affecting regions like Jammu and Kashmir.
    • Internal Radicalization: Radical elements within India, influenced by external ideologies, can contribute to domestic unrest. The growth of radical groups can exacerbate sectarian tensions and lead to incidents of communal violence. Recent examples include the increasing radicalization seen in parts of Assam and West Bengal.
    • Social Polarization: Radicalism can deepen social divisions along religious and ethnic lines, undermining India’s pluralistic fabric. For instance, the radicalization of certain groups has led to increased communal tensions and social discord in various parts of the country.

    Strategies to Counter Radicalism:

    • Strengthening Intelligence and Security: Enhancing intelligence gathering and improving border security are crucial for preventing the infiltration of radical elements. For instance, the recent efforts to bolster surveillance and counter-terrorism measures in Jammu and Kashmir aim to curb radical influences.
    • Promoting Social Integration: Fostering social cohesion and promoting dialogue among different communities can reduce the appeal of radical ideologies. Initiatives like the National Integration Council and community outreach programs are vital in promoting interfaith and inter-ethnic harmony.
    • Educational and Awareness Programs: Education plays a key role in countering radicalism. Educational programs that promote secular values and critical thinking can help in mitigating the influence of radical ideologies. The emphasis on education and awareness, such as the National Educational Policy (NEP) 2020, aims to create a more inclusive and informed society.
    • Legislative Measures: Enforcing strict laws against radical activities and providing legal frameworks for counter-radicalization efforts are essential. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) has been actively involved in investigating and prosecuting cases related to radicalization and terrorism.
    • Community Engagement: Engaging with local communities to address grievances and provide economic opportunities can reduce the susceptibility to radical influences. Programs like the Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM) aim to improve socio-economic conditions in vulnerable areas.

    Recent Examples:

    • Jammu and Kashmir: The ongoing counter-radicalization efforts in Jammu and Kashmir, including security operations and community engagement programs, highlight the focus on addressing radical influences.
    • Assam and West Bengal: Recent efforts to promote communal harmony and social integration in Assam and West Bengal aim to mitigate the impact of radical ideologies and prevent communal conflicts.

    Conclusion: India’s multi-religious and multi-ethnic nature makes it susceptible to the impacts of radicalism from neighboring regions. Countering this threat requires a multi-faceted approach, including enhanced security measures, social integration, educational initiatives, legislative actions, and community engagement. By adopting these strategies, India can work towards maintaining its social harmony and national unity amidst the challenges posed by radicalism.

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Ishan Agarwal
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Ishan AgarwalBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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Examine how external state and non-state actors have influenced some segments of the Indian populace to become radicalized and what steps need to be taken to prevent this threat.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Shreyas Rao
    Shreyas Rao Begginer

    Role of External State and Non-State Actors in Radicalization and Measures to Counter the Threat Introduction Radicalization of certain sections of the Indian population has been influenced by both external state and non-state actors. These actors exploit various means to incite extremism and unrestRead more

    Role of External State and Non-State Actors in Radicalization and Measures to Counter the Threat

    Introduction

    Radicalization of certain sections of the Indian population has been influenced by both external state and non-state actors. These actors exploit various means to incite extremism and unrest. This evaluation explores the role of these actors in radicalization and suggests measures to counteract this threat effectively.

    1. Role of External State Actors

    a. Support for Militant Groups

    Funding and Training: External state actors, notably Pakistan, have been involved in supporting militant groups that target India. The Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), responsible for high-profile attacks like the Pulwama attack in February 2019, is reportedly backed by Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). Such support includes funding, training, and logistical assistance.
    State Sponsorship of Terrorism: State actors like Pakistan have been accused of providing sanctuary and support to groups involved in terrorism against India. This external backing not only facilitates the operational capabilities of these groups but also aids in the radicalization process by providing ideological and material resources.
    b. Diplomatic and Political Support

    International Forums: States with interests opposing Indian policies sometimes use international forums to justify or minimize the impact of radicalization activities. For example, attempts to internationalize the Kashmir issue have seen external actors like Pakistan gain diplomatic support, which indirectly aids the radicalization efforts within Kashmir and other regions.
    2. Role of Non-State Actors

    a. Terrorist Organizations

    Recruitment and Radicalization: Non-state actors, particularly terrorist organizations like ISIS, use online platforms and social media to recruit and radicalize individuals in India. ISIS’s propaganda efforts have targeted disaffected youth in various Indian states, leading to cases like the Kerala Youth joining ISIS.
    Local Affiliates: Groups such as the Indian Mujahideen and SIMI (Students Islamic Movement of India) have local networks that engage in radicalizing young individuals, often exploiting local grievances and socio-economic issues.
    b. Extremist Groups and Ideologies

    Exploitation of Social Media: Non-state actors use social media to spread extremist ideologies and recruit followers. Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Telegram are used to disseminate radical content and organize activities. For instance, the spread of communal and radical content has been noted in recent Delhi riots of 2020, where extremist elements utilized social media to incite violence.
    Community and Sectarian Divisions: Non-state actors exploit existing communal and sectarian divisions to radicalize individuals. The Bajrang Dal and similar groups have been involved in promoting radicalized views under the guise of religious and cultural revivalism, influencing some sections of the population towards radical ideologies.
    3. Measures Required to Counter the Threat

    a. Strengthening Internal Security and Intelligence

    Enhanced Surveillance and Monitoring: Improved surveillance and monitoring of online activities can help detect and prevent radicalization. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) and Intelligence Bureau (IB) play crucial roles in tracking and intercepting radical activities.
    Intelligence Sharing: Greater coordination and intelligence sharing among central and state agencies are essential to counteract both external and internal radicalization threats. The Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) serves as a platform for such coordination.
    b. Counter-Radicalization Programs

    Community Engagement: Engaging with communities to address grievances and counter extremist ideologies is critical. Initiatives like the Sadhbhavna Mission aim to promote communal harmony and integrate marginalized communities into mainstream society.
    Educational and Vocational Training: Providing education and vocational training can help address the socio-economic factors contributing to radicalization. Programs aimed at youth empowerment and skill development can mitigate the appeal of extremist ideologies.
    c. Legislative and Policy Measures

    Strict Enforcement of Laws: Enforcing laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) to tackle terrorism financing and radicalization activities is crucial. These laws help in disrupting the financial and operational networks of extremist groups.
    Counter-Terrorism Strategies: Implementing comprehensive counter-terrorism strategies, including preventive measures and quick-response mechanisms, is vital. The National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC), when fully operational, will enhance India’s capability to tackle terrorism and radicalization effectively.
    d. International Cooperation

    Global Counter-Terrorism Initiatives: Strengthening international cooperation to counter-terrorism and radicalization is essential. Collaboration with countries like the US, EU, and regional partners in counter-terrorism efforts helps in addressing transnational threats.
    Engagement with Tech Companies: Working with tech companies to counteract the use of social media for spreading extremist content is necessary. Initiatives like the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) aim to combat online radicalization.
    Conclusion

    External state and non-state actors significantly contribute to the radicalization of certain sections of the Indian population through various methods, including support for militant groups, online propaganda, and exploitation of social divisions. Addressing this threat requires a multifaceted approach, including strengthening internal security, enhancing community engagement, implementing robust legislative measures, and fostering international cooperation. A comprehensive strategy will be crucial in mitigating the impact of radicalization and ensuring national security.

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Jitendra Singh
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Jitendra SinghBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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In India’s Northeast, there has been a noticeable decrease in insurgency-related violence and civilian casualties. But before a new era of peace can begin, there are still a number of issues that must be resolved. Talk about it. (Answer in ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Sunita Soni
    Sunita Soni Begginer

    As per the Ministry of Home Affairs, there has been a 74% reduction in insurgency incidents an 89% decline in civilian deaths, and 60% in casualties of security forces in the Northeastern region in 2021 compared to 2014. From 2014 till July 15, 2022, a total of 6,070 cadres of various insurgent grouRead more

    As per the Ministry of Home Affairs, there has been a 74% reduction in insurgency incidents an 89% decline in civilian deaths, and 60% in casualties of security forces in the Northeastern region in 2021 compared to 2014. From 2014 till July 15, 2022, a total of 6,070 cadres of various insurgent groups in the northeastern states surrendered with 1,404 arms and joined the mainstream of society.

    Steps taken to promote peace in North East India:

    • Major peace accords: Such as the Bodo Accord (2020), and the Karbi Anglong Agreement (2021).
    • Bru-Reang Agreement (2020): To resolve the refugee crisis by settling the internally displaced people of western Mizoram in Tripura.
    • Assam-Meghalaya Inter-State Boundary Agreement, 2022: To settle the dispute over six areas out of a total of twelve areas of the interstate boundary dispute between the two states.
    • Power of mobility and connectivity: Itanagar, Agartala, and Imphal have been connected through Railways, and in the remaining five capitals connectivity projects are nearing completion. Over 38,000 km of rural roads have been completed. With 15 new airports, the region is a priority area under the UDAN scheme with 46 operational routes.

    Roadblocks in the era of peace to dawn in North East:

    • Ethnocentric disputes: Ethnic identity has been critical in sustaining armed movements in the region and even within individual states.
      • A major hurdle before the government while signing an accord is the demand over the same territory by two rebel groups. For example, the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation stepped up demand for Kamatapur state comprising some areas in the Bodoland region and in Bengal soon after the signing of the Bodo Accord in 2020.
    • Splinter groups: New militant groups get created from the same region or community after one enters a ceasefire pact, starts dialogue or signs an agreement with the government.
      • For example, the delay in signing the final Naga Peace agreement is due to the power struggle between the NSCN-IM and NNPG (the conglomerate organization that represent 6 smaller Naga political groups including GPRN/NSCN, NSCN (R), etc.).
    • Running a parallel government: Some groups under ceasefire have taken advantage of the agreements. For example, the NSCN (IM) had been permitted to establish camps in Nagaland and Manipur but it has used it to carry arms and almost run a parallel government.
    • Military rule in Myanmar: Recent reports also indicate that the Myanmar army is utilizing Indian insurgent groups to fight those who are in opposition to the junta regime. The government is trying to bring economic progress to all in North-East India by making efforts in the direction of creating the North-East as the hub of sports in the world, a leading exporter of exotic horticultural products, and a hotbed of start-ups while fast becoming the most attractive tourist destination in India.
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Ishan Agarwal
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Ishan AgarwalBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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Talk about the effects on India’s internal security of the growing number of cyberthreats from foreign state and non-state actors as well as the steps being taken to bolster the nation’s cyber resilience.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Vihaan Nair
    Vihaan Nair Learner

    Implications of Increasing Cyber Threats from External State and Non-State Actors on India’s Internal Security and Measures to Strengthen Cyber Resilience Introduction The rise in cyber threats from both external state and non-state actors poses a significant challenge to India’s internal security.Read more

    Implications of Increasing Cyber Threats from External State and Non-State Actors on India’s Internal Security and Measures to Strengthen Cyber Resilience

    Introduction

    The rise in cyber threats from both external state and non-state actors poses a significant challenge to India’s internal security. These threats impact various sectors, including critical infrastructure, economic stability, and national defense. This discussion explores the implications of these cyber threats and outlines measures to enhance India’s cyber resilience.

    1. Implications of Cyber Threats

    a. Threats from External State Actors

    State-Sponsored Cyber Attacks: External state actors, particularly from countries like China and Pakistan, have been involved in cyber espionage and attacks targeting India’s critical infrastructure and defense systems. For instance, Chinese hacker groups have been linked to cyber attacks on Indian defense research establishments, including the DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation). These attacks aim to steal sensitive information and disrupt strategic operations.
    Geopolitical Tensions: State-sponsored cyber activities often escalate during periods of geopolitical tension. The 2020 cyber attack on Indian power grids, which was attributed to Chinese state actors, occurred amidst heightened border tensions, illustrating how cyber threats can be used as a tool of geopolitical maneuvering.
    b. Threats from Non-State Actors

    Cyber Criminals and Hacktivists: Non-state actors such as cyber criminals and hacktivist groups pose significant threats through ransomware attacks, data breaches, and other malicious activities. The ransomware attack on the Karnataka State Cyber Security (KSCS) in 2020 exemplifies the growing threat from cyber criminals, leading to operational disruptions and financial losses.
    Terrorist Organizations: Terrorist groups like ISIS have utilized the internet and social media platforms for recruitment, propaganda, and potentially for cyber attacks. These groups’ capabilities to execute cyber operations can undermine national security by creating public fear and disrupting services.
    c. Impact on Critical Infrastructure and Economy

    Disruption of Services: Cyber attacks on critical infrastructure such as power grids, transportation systems, and financial institutions can lead to widespread disruptions. For example, the 2021 attack on India’s gas distribution network, which was reportedly state-sponsored, raised concerns about the vulnerability of essential services to cyber threats.
    Economic Costs: The economic impact of cyber attacks includes financial losses due to theft of data, intellectual property, and operational disruptions. According to a 2023 report by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), the cost of cybercrime to the Indian economy is estimated to be in the billions, affecting both private and public sectors.
    2. Measures to Strengthen Cyber Resilience

    a. Strengthening Cybersecurity Framework

    National Cyber Security Strategy: India has developed a National Cyber Security Strategy (NCSS) to provide a comprehensive approach to cyber threats. The strategy includes measures for enhancing infrastructure security, incident response, and capacity building.
    Cyber Security Policies and Frameworks: Policies such as the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 and frameworks like the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) aim to enhance cybersecurity and streamline responses to cyber incidents.
    b. Enhancing Critical Infrastructure Protection

    Upgrading Security Protocols: Critical infrastructure entities need to implement robust security protocols and regular vulnerability assessments. The National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) is responsible for safeguarding critical sectors and ensuring their resilience against cyber threats.
    Sector-Specific Guidelines: Industry-specific guidelines and standards, such as those issued by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), help organizations strengthen their defenses against cyber attacks. For example, the Banking Sector Cyber Security Framework mandates stringent security practices for financial institutions.
    c. Capacity Building and Training

    Cybersecurity Training Programs: Regular training and awareness programs for personnel handling critical infrastructure can improve response capabilities. The Cyber Surakshit Bharat initiative, launched in 2018, aims to provide training and resources to strengthen the cybersecurity workforce.
    Educational Initiatives: Incorporating cybersecurity education into academic curricula and professional development programs helps build a skilled workforce capable of addressing evolving cyber threats.
    d. International Cooperation and Collaboration

    Global Partnerships: Engaging in international cooperation with cybersecurity agencies and organizations helps share intelligence and best practices. India’s participation in international forums like the Global Forum on Cyber Expertise (GFCE) and collaboration with countries like the United States enhance its cyber defense capabilities.
    Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements with countries facing similar cyber threats can facilitate joint efforts in tackling cybercrime and espionage. For example, India and the United States have established cybersecurity partnerships to enhance mutual defense against cyber threats.
    e. Incident Response and Recovery

    Incident Response Teams: Establishing and maintaining efficient incident response teams, such as the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In), ensures prompt action during cyber incidents and minimizes damage.
    Cyber Resilience Plans: Developing and regularly updating cyber resilience plans helps organizations prepare for, respond to, and recover from cyber attacks. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) provides guidelines for integrating cybersecurity into disaster recovery planning.
    Conclusion

    The increasing cyber threats from external state and non-state actors pose significant challenges to India’s internal security. These threats impact critical infrastructure, economic stability, and national defense. Strengthening cyber resilience requires a multifaceted approach, including robust cybersecurity frameworks, enhanced protection of critical infrastructure, capacity building, international cooperation, and effective incident response. By implementing these measures, India can better safeguard its digital landscape and mitigate the risks associated with evolving cyber threats.

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Ishan Agarwal
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Ishan AgarwalBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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Examine the influence on India’s internal security environment and the role played by external state and non-state actors in the proliferation of small arms and light weapons in the country.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Vihaan Nair
    Vihaan Nair Learner

    Role of External State and Non-State Actors in the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in India and Its Impact on Internal Security Introduction The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in India, influenced by external state and non-state actors, has significant implicationRead more

    Role of External State and Non-State Actors in the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in India and Its Impact on Internal Security

    Introduction

    The proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) in India, influenced by external state and non-state actors, has significant implications for internal security. This proliferation affects various aspects of domestic stability, including criminal activities, insurgencies, and communal violence. This assessment explores the role of these actors in the proliferation of SALW and examines its impact on India’s internal security environment.

    1. Role of External State Actors

    a. State-Sponsored Support for Insurgencies

    Pakistan and Insurgent Groups: Pakistan has been involved in providing arms and logistical support to insurgent groups operating in India’s border regions, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir. Groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) have received arms from across the border, which have been used in numerous attacks, including the Pulwama attack of 2019. The availability of these weapons has exacerbated the insurgency and posed a direct threat to internal security.
    China and the North-East: There have been allegations that China has provided indirect support to insurgent groups in India’s North-East, such as the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA). These groups have reportedly received weapons and ammunition through clandestine channels, impacting the stability of the region.
    b. Diplomatic and Covert Operations

    International Arms Trade: The international arms trade, often facilitated by state actors, contributes to the proliferation of small arms. Countries with lax export controls can become sources of illicit arms smuggling into India. For example, weapons diverted from South-East Asia and Eastern Europe have been found in the hands of insurgent groups and criminal networks within India.
    2. Role of Non-State Actors

    a. Criminal Syndicates and Smuggling Networks

    Arms Smuggling: Non-state actors such as criminal syndicates play a significant role in the proliferation of SALW through illegal smuggling operations. The India-Bangladesh border and the India-Myanmar border are known smuggling routes for arms. Recent investigations have revealed that these smuggling networks supply weapons to various criminal and insurgent groups within India.
    Illicit Trade and Distribution: Organized crime groups, including gangs involved in drug trafficking, also deal in small arms. The Kuki-Chin drug trade in Manipur, for instance, involves not only drug trafficking but also the illegal arms trade, which supports insurgent activities and local criminal networks.
    b. Extremist and Terrorist Organizations

    ISIS and Domestic Threats: While ISIS has not been directly involved in small arms proliferation in India, its ideology has influenced domestic extremist groups that have sought to acquire and use SALW. For example, radicalized individuals and small local cells influenced by ISIS may engage in illicit arms trading to support their activities.
    Local Insurgent Groups: Groups like the Maoist Naxalites use small arms in their insurgency against the state. These weapons often originate from illegal sources and contribute to violent incidents and attacks on security forces.
    3. Impact on Internal Security

    a. Increased Violence and Crime

    Criminal Activities: The proliferation of SALW has led to an increase in violent crime, including armed robbery and gang violence. Cities like Delhi and Mumbai have witnessed a rise in crimes involving small arms, impacting public safety and security.
    Insurgency and Terrorism: The availability of SALW has intensified insurgent activities and terrorist attacks. The Guwahati bombings and various attacks by Naxalite groups highlight how access to arms fuels ongoing violence and instability in conflict-prone areas.
    b. Challenges to Law Enforcement and Security Forces

    Operational Difficulties: Security forces face challenges in countering well-armed insurgent and criminal groups. The Chhattisgarh Naxal attack in 2021, where heavily armed Naxalites ambushed a security convoy, underscores the difficulties faced by law enforcement in dealing with groups equipped with advanced weaponry.
    Increased Casualties: The use of small arms in conflicts leads to higher casualties among both security personnel and civilians. The Naxalite-Maoist insurgency has resulted in significant losses for security forces due to the widespread availability of arms.
    4. Measures to Address the Issue

    a. Strengthening Border Security

    Enhanced Surveillance and Patrols: Improving border security measures to detect and prevent illegal arms smuggling is crucial. The use of technology such as drones and sensors can help monitor and control smuggling routes.
    International Cooperation: Collaborating with neighboring countries and international organizations to address arms trafficking can enhance border security efforts. For example, India’s engagement with Bangladesh and Myanmar to combat cross-border smuggling has been a step towards mitigating this issue.
    b. Legal and Regulatory Measures

    Stringent Arms Control Laws: Enforcing stricter arms control laws and regulations can help curb the proliferation of SALW. The Arms Act, 1959 and its amendments need to be effectively implemented and updated to address new challenges.
    Monitoring and Enforcement: Strengthening enforcement agencies and increasing penalties for illegal arms possession and trafficking can deter criminal activities. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) play key roles in monitoring and investigating arms-related crimes.
    c. Community and Civil Society Engagement

    Awareness Programs: Educating communities about the dangers of small arms proliferation and involving civil society in arms control efforts can help reduce local support for illicit arms trade. Community policing initiatives and awareness campaigns can build trust and cooperation between law enforcement and local populations.
    Rehabilitation and Disarmament: Implementing disarmament and rehabilitation programs for former insurgents and criminals can help reduce the number of weapons in circulation. Programs like the Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy in Jammu and Kashmir aim to encourage insurgents to give up arms and reintegrate into society.
    Conclusion

    The proliferation of small arms and light weapons in India, influenced by both external state and non-state actors, poses significant challenges to internal security. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach, including strengthening border security, enforcing stringent legal measures, enhancing community engagement, and fostering international cooperation. By implementing these measures, India can mitigate the impact of SALW proliferation and enhance its internal security environment.

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Dravid Kamath
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Dravid KamathBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In:
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Examine how foreign states and non-state actors are involved in the illegal drug trade and how this industry is connected to the funding of insurgent and terrorist organizations in India.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Kartik Raman
    Kartik Raman Begginer

    The involvement of external state and non-state actors in the illicit drug trade and its linkages with the financing of terrorist and insurgent groups in India is a complex issue with significant implications for national security and stability. Here’s an analysis of these linkages: 1. External StatRead more

    The involvement of external state and non-state actors in the illicit drug trade and its linkages with the financing of terrorist and insurgent groups in India is a complex issue with significant implications for national security and stability. Here’s an analysis of these linkages:

    1. External State Actors and the Illicit Drug Trade

    Overview:

    • Regional Dynamics: Certain neighboring countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia are involved in the production and trafficking of illicit drugs, which can impact India.
    • State-Sponsored Activities: In some cases, state actors may indirectly support drug trafficking to destabilize neighboring countries or as a byproduct of lax enforcement.

    Impact on India:

    • Drug Trafficking Routes: India’s proximity to major drug-producing regions, such as the Golden Triangle (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand) and the Golden Crescent (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran), makes it a key transit and destination country for illicit drugs.
    • Cross-Border Smuggling: Drug trafficking networks exploit porous borders and remote areas, leading to significant smuggling operations into India.

    Examples:

    • Afghan Heroin: Afghanistan, a major producer of opium, has seen heroin trafficking routes extending into India. This flow of drugs is sometimes linked to broader geopolitical conflicts and state interests in the region.
    • Myanmar and North-East India: The northeastern states of India are particularly affected by drug trafficking originating from Myanmar, which impacts local security and health.

    2. Non-State Actors and the Illicit Drug Trade

    Overview:

    • Insurgent Groups: Various insurgent and terrorist groups engage in or benefit from the drug trade to finance their activities. These groups often operate in regions with weak governance and high levels of drug production.
    • Criminal Networks: Organized crime groups involved in drug trafficking can have links with terrorist and insurgent groups, providing them with financial support.

    Impact on India:

    • Financing Terrorism: Insurgent and terrorist groups involved in drug trafficking use the proceeds to fund their operations, including arms procurement, recruitment, and training.
    • Local Instability: The presence of drug trafficking and related violence exacerbates instability in regions where insurgent and terrorist groups operate, impacting local security and governance.

    Examples:

    • Naga Insurgents: Some Naga insurgent groups in northeastern India have been involved in drug trafficking as a source of funding. This connection has contributed to prolonged conflict in the region.
    • Maoist Groups: Maoist insurgents in central and eastern India have reportedly used drug trafficking to finance their activities, exacerbating the insurgency in these areas.

    3. Linkages Between Drug Trade and Terrorism/Insurgency

    Overview:

    • Funding Mechanisms: Drug trafficking provides significant financial resources to terrorist and insurgent groups, enabling them to sustain and expand their operations.
    • Recruitment and Operations: The funds from drug trade can be used for recruitment, logistical support, and operational activities, making these groups more resilient and dangerous.

    Impact on India:

    • Increased Threats: The financial support from drug trafficking strengthens the capabilities of insurgent and terrorist groups, increasing the security threats faced by India.
    • Undermining Governance: The drug trade undermines state authority and governance in affected areas, making it difficult for authorities to address both drug-related and insurgent threats.

    Examples:

    • Terrorist Financing: Groups like the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) have been linked to various forms of illicit funding, including drug trafficking. Although their primary funding sources are often varied, drug trade remains a potential revenue stream.
    • Insurgent Financing: Insurgent groups in northeastern India and central India have used drug money to finance their operations, including purchasing weapons and recruiting new members.

    4. Government and Policy Responses

    Overview:

    • Counter-Drug Strategies: India has implemented various counter-drug strategies, including international cooperation, law enforcement actions, and anti-narcotic operations.
    • Counter-Terrorism Measures: The Indian government has taken steps to disrupt the financing of terrorist and insurgent groups, including monitoring and intercepting illicit financial flows.

    Responses:

    • International Cooperation: India collaborates with neighboring countries and international agencies to combat drug trafficking and its links to terrorism. Initiatives include joint operations, intelligence sharing, and capacity building.
    • Legal and Enforcement Measures: Strengthening legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms to tackle drug trafficking and its connections to terrorism is crucial. This includes improved border controls, anti-money laundering measures, and prosecutorial efforts.
    • Development Programs: Addressing the root causes of drug production and trafficking through development programs and alternative livelihood schemes can help reduce the supply of drugs and the influence of insurgent groups.

    Challenges and Considerations

    1. Cross-Border Cooperation

    Challenge:

    • Coordination: Effective counter-drug and counter-terrorism efforts require coordination between multiple countries, which can be complicated by differing national interests and capacities.

    Strategy:

    • Strengthening Bilateral and Multilateral Ties: Enhance cooperation with neighboring countries and international organizations to address cross-border drug trafficking and its links to terrorism.

    2. Monitoring and Enforcement

    Challenge:

    • Resource Constraints: Limited resources and capacity can hinder effective monitoring and enforcement against drug trafficking and terrorism financing.

    Strategy:

    • Investing in Technology and Training: Invest in technology and training for law enforcement agencies to improve their capabilities in detecting and disrupting illicit activities.

    3. Addressing Root Causes

    Challenge:

    • Socio-Economic Factors: Addressing the socio-economic factors that contribute to drug production and trafficking is essential for long-term solutions.

    Strategy:

    • Development Initiatives: Implement development initiatives in drug-producing regions to provide alternative livelihoods and reduce the economic incentives for drug trafficking.

    Conclusion

    The involvement of external state and non-state actors in the illicit drug trade has significant implications for national security in India, including its links to the financing of terrorist and insurgent groups. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach involving international cooperation, enhanced law enforcement, and targeted development programs. By tackling both the drug trade and its connections to terrorism and insurgency, India can improve its security and stability while addressing the root causes of these complex challenges.

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Dravid Kamath
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Dravid KamathBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In:
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Examine the tactics used by foreign states and non-state entities to take advantage of India’s religious and ethnic divides as well as the steps needed to foster societal cohesiveness.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Vihaan Nair
    Vihaan Nair Learner

    Strategies Adopted by External State and Non-State Actors to Exploit Religious and Ethnic Fault Lines in India and Measures to Promote Social Cohesion Introduction India’s diverse religious and ethnic landscape has often been targeted by external state and non-state actors seeking to exploit socialRead more

    Strategies Adopted by External State and Non-State Actors to Exploit Religious and Ethnic Fault Lines in India and Measures to Promote Social Cohesion

    Introduction

    India’s diverse religious and ethnic landscape has often been targeted by external state and non-state actors seeking to exploit social divisions for various strategic and ideological objectives. These strategies have implications for national security and social stability. This evaluation examines the methods used by these actors to exploit religious and ethnic fault lines and discusses measures required to promote social cohesion.

    1. Strategies by External State Actors

    a. State-Sponsored Propaganda and Support

    Pakistan’s Support for Separatist Movements: Pakistan has been known to exploit religious fault lines in India, particularly in Kashmir. The support for groups like Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), which promote anti-India sentiments and seek to destabilize the region, illustrates this strategy. The Pulwama attack of 2019, perpetrated by a JeM operative, was a direct result of such external interference.
    Diplomatic Pressure and Internationalization: Pakistan has sought to internationalize the Kashmir issue, leveraging global platforms to highlight alleged human rights abuses and gain international support. This strategy aims to exacerbate internal divisions within India and pressure the Indian government.
    b. Manipulation of Ethnic and Religious Tensions

    China’s Role in North-Eastern Insurgencies: China has been accused of providing indirect support to insurgent groups in India’s Northeast, such as the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN). This support can exacerbate ethnic tensions and create instability in border regions, impacting national security.
    2. Strategies by Non-State Actors

    a. Radicalization and Recruitment

    ISIS and Online Radicalization: Non-state actors like ISIS have exploited religious fault lines by using online platforms to recruit and radicalize individuals. ISIS’s propaganda has targeted disaffected Muslim youth in various parts of India, including Kerala, leading to several cases of individuals joining extremist groups.
    Local Extremist Groups: Groups like the Bajrang Dal and Saffron Brigade have been involved in promoting radical Hindu ideologies and inciting violence against minority communities, contributing to communal tensions.
    b. Social Media and Misinformation

    Spread of Misinformation: Non-state actors use social media to spread misinformation and inflammatory content, exacerbating existing religious and ethnic tensions. The Delhi riots of 2020 saw the widespread use of social media to spread false information and incite violence between communities.
    Manipulation of Community Grievances: Extremist groups and individuals often exploit genuine community grievances to stoke communal passions and deepen divisions. For example, incidents of mob lynching and communal violence have been sometimes fueled by false narratives circulated online.
    3. Measures to Promote Social Cohesion

    a. Strengthening Legal and Institutional Frameworks

    Anti-Hate Speech Laws: Enforcing laws against hate speech and communal incitement is essential. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) and Cyber Crime Cells need to be empowered to tackle online hate speech and misinformation effectively.
    Enhanced Law Enforcement: Strengthening law enforcement agencies to prevent and respond to incidents of communal violence can help maintain order and protect vulnerable communities.
    b. Promoting Interfaith and Inter-Ethnic Dialogue

    Community Engagement Initiatives: Initiatives such as the Gurgaon Dialogue and Aman Biradari work towards fostering dialogue and understanding between different communities. These programs encourage mutual respect and collaboration, reducing the impact of external and internal provocations.
    Educational Programs: Integrating education on diversity, tolerance, and conflict resolution into school curricula can help foster a culture of inclusivity from a young age. Programs like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) can be used to enhance community projects that promote social harmony.
    c. Enhancing Intelligence and Security Measures

    Improving Intelligence Gathering: Enhancing intelligence capabilities to detect and prevent attempts by external and non-state actors to exploit communal tensions is crucial. The Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) facilitates better coordination and sharing of intelligence among different security agencies.
    Community Policing: Implementing community policing strategies to build trust between law enforcement agencies and local communities can improve cooperation in preventing and addressing communal violence.
    d. Leveraging Technology and Media

    Countering Misinformation: Developing technology-driven solutions to detect and counter misinformation on social media platforms is essential. Collaborating with tech companies to monitor and control the spread of false information can mitigate its impact.
    Promoting Positive Narratives: Media campaigns that promote positive narratives of unity and diversity can help counteract the divisive content propagated by external and non-state actors. The #UnityInDiversity campaign is an example of such efforts to foster national cohesion.
    e. Economic and Social Development

    Addressing Socio-Economic Disparities: Investing in socio-economic development in regions affected by communal and ethnic tensions can help address underlying grievances. Programs like Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) and Skill Development Initiatives aim to improve living standards and reduce socio-economic disparities.
    Employment Opportunities: Creating employment opportunities and economic growth in marginalized communities can help reduce the appeal of extremist ideologies and foster a sense of inclusion.
    Conclusion

    External state and non-state actors employ various strategies to exploit religious and ethnic fault lines within India, impacting national security and social stability. Addressing these threats requires a multi-faceted approach that includes strengthening legal and institutional frameworks, promoting interfaith dialogue, enhancing intelligence and security measures, leveraging technology, and focusing on socio-economic development. By implementing these measures, India can foster social cohesion and mitigate the influence of divisive actors.

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Dravid Kamath
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Dravid KamathBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the connections between the inflow of foreign capital, the growth of non-governmental organizations, and their effects on India’s internal security environment.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Shreyas Rao
    Shreyas Rao Begginer

    Linkages Between Foreign Funds, Proliferation of NGOs, and Their Impact on India’s Internal Security Introduction The flow of foreign funds to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and their proliferation in India have raised significant concerns regarding their impact on internal security. While maRead more

    Linkages Between Foreign Funds, Proliferation of NGOs, and Their Impact on India’s Internal Security

    Introduction

    The flow of foreign funds to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and their proliferation in India have raised significant concerns regarding their impact on internal security. While many NGOs play a crucial role in development and humanitarian efforts, the potential misuse of foreign funds and the activities of some NGOs can influence internal security dynamics. This assessment explores these linkages and their implications for India’s security landscape, with recent examples illustrating the challenges involved.

    1. Flow of Foreign Funds to NGOs

    a. Legal Framework and Regulation

    Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA): The FCRA regulates the acceptance of foreign funds by NGOs to ensure that these funds are used for legitimate activities. However, concerns arise regarding the misuse of funds for activities that may disrupt internal security. Recent amendments to the FCRA have aimed to tighten regulations and increase transparency in fund usage.
    Compliance Issues: Despite regulations, some NGOs have faced scrutiny for non-compliance with FCRA requirements. For instance, the Teesta Setalvad case, where the NGO Sabrang Trust was accused of violating FCRA rules, highlights issues related to transparency and accountability.
    b. Channels of Fund Flow

    International Donors and Foundations: Many international donors and foundations provide funds to Indian NGOs for various causes, including human rights, environmental conservation, and development. However, some of these funds have been alleged to support activities that could impact internal security. For example, the Ford Foundation and Open Society Foundations have faced scrutiny over the use of their funds in controversial areas.
    2. Proliferation of NGOs

    a. Growth and Diversity of NGOs

    Increased Number of NGOs: The number of registered NGOs in India has grown significantly, with over 3 million organizations. This proliferation has led to diverse activities ranging from social development to advocacy and activism.
    Focus Areas and Activities: NGOs operate across various sectors, including education, health, and human rights. However, some organizations have been accused of engaging in activities that challenge state policies or create socio-political unrest.
    b. Controversial NGOs and Their Impact

    Political and Social Activism: Certain NGOs have been involved in political and social activism, which sometimes leads to tensions with government authorities. For example, the National Alliance of People’s Movements (NAPM) has been active in opposing large-scale development projects, which has occasionally led to clashes with authorities and protests that disrupt public order.
    Funding for Unconventional Causes: Some NGOs have been accused of receiving foreign funds for activities that indirectly affect national security. The Kashmir-based NGO Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society (JKCCS), for example, has faced allegations of receiving foreign funds to support anti-India narratives.
    3. Impact on Internal Security

    a. Radicalization and Separatist Movements

    Funding for Separatist Causes: There have been allegations that some foreign-funded NGOs support separatist and radical ideologies, particularly in conflict-prone areas like Kashmir. For instance, NGOs linked to separatist movements in Kashmir have been scrutinized for their role in exacerbating regional tensions.
    Support for Extremist Groups: In some cases, foreign funds have been suspected of reaching extremist groups through NGOs. The Terror Funding Case in Jammu and Kashmir involved allegations of foreign funds being channeled to militant groups through various NGOs.
    b. Impact on Public Order and Governance

    Protests and Unrest: NGOs involved in advocacy and activism can sometimes incite protests and public unrest. The involvement of NGOs in protests against environmental and development projects, such as those led by the Madhya Pradesh-based NGO Vikalp Sansthan, can disrupt public order and lead to clashes with authorities.
    Erosion of Trust in Institutions: Allegations of misuse of foreign funds by NGOs can erode public trust in both civil society organizations and government institutions. This can undermine the effectiveness of legitimate NGOs and contribute to a polarized environment.
    4. Measures to Address the Impact

    a. Strengthening Regulations

    Enhanced FCRA Compliance: Ensuring strict adherence to FCRA regulations and conducting regular audits of NGOs receiving foreign funds can help prevent misuse. The government has implemented measures to increase transparency and accountability in fund usage.
    Monitoring and Enforcement: Improving monitoring mechanisms to track the flow of foreign funds and their utilization can help identify and address potential security risks.
    b. Promoting Transparency and Accountability

    Increased Scrutiny: NGOs should be subject to greater scrutiny regarding their funding sources and activities. Regular disclosures and audits can ensure that foreign funds are used for legitimate purposes.
    Collaboration with Authorities: Encouraging collaboration between NGOs and government authorities can help address concerns and build trust. This includes sharing information and cooperating on issues related to security and public order.
    c. Public Awareness and Engagement

    Awareness Campaigns: Raising public awareness about the role and impact of NGOs can help foster a better understanding of their contributions and mitigate concerns related to security.
    Engagement with Civil Society: Engaging with civil society organizations to address grievances and promote constructive dialogue can help prevent the exploitation of NGOs for disruptive activities.
    Conclusion

    The flow of foreign funds to NGOs and their proliferation have significant implications for India’s internal security. While many NGOs contribute positively to societal development, concerns regarding the misuse of funds and the activities of certain organizations warrant careful attention. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, promoting transparency, and enhancing public engagement are essential measures to address the potential security risks associated with NGOs and ensure their positive impact on society.

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Darshan Malik
  • 0
Darshan MalikLearner
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 0

In light of its internal security issues, talk about the institutional and policy frameworks that India needs to strengthen its ability to fend off threats from external state and non-state actors.

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Dravid Kamath
    Dravid Kamath Begginer

    Enhancing India's ability to counter threats posed by external state and non-state actors in the context of internal security challenges requires a robust policy and institutional framework that integrates various facets of national security, intelligence gathering, law enforcement, and diplomatic eRead more

    Enhancing India’s ability to counter threats posed by external state and non-state actors in the context of internal security challenges requires a robust policy and institutional framework that integrates various facets of national security, intelligence gathering, law enforcement, and diplomatic efforts. Here’s a comprehensive discussion on the necessary components:

    Policy Framework:

    1. National Security Strategy:

    • Develop and implement a cohesive national security strategy that identifies key threats posed by external actors (such as neighboring states or transnational terrorist organizations) and non-state actors (like terrorist groups or organized crime syndicates).
    • Prioritize threats based on their potential impact on India’s internal stability and security.

    2. Foreign Policy Alignment:

    • Ensure that foreign policy objectives are aligned with national security goals. Strengthen diplomatic relations with neighboring countries and global partners to enhance cooperation on counter-terrorism, intelligence sharing, and border security.

    3. Counter-Terrorism Strategy:

    • Formulate a comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy that includes preventive measures, law enforcement actions, intelligence gathering, and community engagement.
    • Enhance capabilities for tracking and disrupting terrorist financing, recruitment networks, and propaganda activities.

    4. Border Management:

    • Strengthen border security infrastructure, including physical barriers, surveillance systems, and border patrols. Implement effective border management policies to prevent illegal crossings, smuggling, and infiltration by hostile actors.

    5. Cyber Security and Information Warfare:

    • Develop robust cyber security policies and capabilities to defend against cyber attacks, misinformation campaigns, and digital espionage originating from external actors.
    • Enhance capabilities in cyber intelligence, incident response, and securing critical infrastructure.

    6. Maritime Security:

    • Strengthen maritime security capabilities to protect India’s coastal areas and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) from threats such as piracy, illegal fishing, and smuggling.
    • Enhance coordination among maritime law enforcement agencies and neighboring countries for joint patrols and information sharing.

    Institutional Framework:

    1. Intelligence Coordination:

    • Enhance coordination among intelligence agencies (e.g., RAW, IB, NTRO) to ensure timely and accurate intelligence gathering, analysis, and dissemination.
    • Foster collaboration with international intelligence agencies for cross-border threat assessments and joint operations.

    2. Law Enforcement Capabilities:

    • Strengthen the capacity of law enforcement agencies (e.g., police, paramilitary forces) in counter-terrorism operations, border security, and investigation of transnational crimes.
    • Provide specialized training in counter-terrorism tactics, forensic analysis, and use of advanced technology for surveillance and detection.

    3. Legal Framework and Judicial Cooperation:

    • Ensure the legal framework supports effective prosecution of terrorists and criminals involved in transnational activities. Strengthen international judicial cooperation and extradition treaties to facilitate legal proceedings against external threats.

    4. Military Readiness:

    • Maintain a credible deterrent through modernization of armed forces, strategic defense planning, and preparedness for rapid response to external military threats.
    • Enhance interoperability with friendly countries through joint military exercises and defense cooperation agreements.

    5. Public Awareness and Community Engagement:

    • Foster public awareness about national security threats and encourage community participation in reporting suspicious activities and countering radicalization efforts.
    • Develop programs to promote national unity, resilience, and cohesion in the face of external threats.

    Conclusion:

    Countering threats posed by external state and non-state actors requires a multifaceted approach that integrates policy coherence, institutional capacity building, technological advancements, and international cooperation. By strengthening intelligence capabilities, enhancing border security, improving law enforcement readiness, and fostering diplomatic engagements, India can effectively mitigate risks to its internal security while maintaining regional stability and promoting global security partnerships. Continuous adaptation and refinement of these frameworks are essential to address evolving threats in the contemporary security landscape.

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