Science & Technology

Model Answer

Introduction

Asteroids are rocky, airless remnants from the early formation of our solar system, dating back approximately 4.6 billion years. They primarily orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and vary widely in size and composition, containing rock, metals, and other elements. Asteroids are categorized into types such as C-type (carbonaceous), S-type (silicaceous), and M-type (metal-rich).

Threat of Asteroids Causing Extinction of Life

The threat posed by asteroids is significant, particularly due to historical events. For instance, a massive asteroid impact is believed to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs around 66 million years ago, with the Chicxulub crater in Mexico marking the impact site. Such large asteroids, typically over 1 km in diameter, could lead to global catastrophes, including severe climate disruption and ecosystem collapse. Although the probability of a significant impact is low, the potential consequences warrant concern. NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office emphasizes the severe global effects that could result from a large impact.

Strategies to Prevent Catastrophe

To mitigate the risks associated with asteroids, several strategies have been developed:

1. Space Missions for Deflection: Missions like NASA’s DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) aim to alter the paths of asteroids through kinetic impact, demonstrating that such threats can be diverted.
2. International Cooperation: Global collaboration enhances preparedness through data sharing and coordinated responses to potential threats. The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs supports these initiatives.
3. Early Warning Systems: Networks like the International Asteroid Warning Network play a critical role in providing early alerts and coordinating response efforts, improving the ability to detect and monitor asteroids.
4. Technological Advancements: Enhanced radar and telescope technologies, such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, improve tracking capabilities for even faint and rapidly moving asteroids.

Conclusion

While the likelihood of a life-extinguishing asteroid impact is low, the severe consequences of such an event necessitate ongoing vigilance and preparedness through continuous monitoring, international collaboration, and technological advancements.

Model Answer

Introduction

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) on highways is transforming toll payment systems by utilizing advanced technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), ANPR (Automatic Number Plate Recognition), and DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication). These technologies automate toll transactions, enhance efficiency, and reduce congestion, significantly improving the driving experience.

Technology Employed for Electronic Toll Collection

1. RFID Technology: Systems like FASTag in India use RFID tags attached to vehicles, allowing automatic toll fee deductions from linked accounts without stopping at toll booths.
2. GPS Technology: GPS-based tolling enables dynamic toll charges based on the distance traveled, enhancing flexibility and fairness.
3. ANPR Cameras: These cameras capture vehicle license plates for automatic toll deductions, improving compliance and minimizing revenue losses. For instance, the Delhi-Meerut Expressway employs ANPR technology to streamline toll collection.
4. DSRC Technology: This facilitates direct communication between vehicles and toll plazas, enabling seamless transactions.
5. Mobile Payment Systems: Integration with mobile apps and digital wallets allows users to make payments effortlessly, enhancing convenience.

Advantages

• Seamless Mobility: Technologies like RFID enable vehicles to pass toll plazas without stopping, reducing congestion and improving road efficiency.
• Time and Fuel Savings: Continuous movement through toll booths prevents excessive idling, leading to reduced fuel consumption and travel time.
• Digital Payment Convenience: Cashless transactions eliminate the need for physical money, making payments hassle-free.
• Better Transparency: Automated systems reduce opportunities for revenue leakage, ensuring proper accountability in toll collection.
• Environmental Benefits: Reduced vehicle idling contributes to lower emissions and a smaller carbon footprint.

Limitations

• Inconsistent RFID Reading: Improperly placed or damaged tags can lead to delays in toll processing.
• Limited Infrastructure: Rural areas may lack the necessary technology and internet connectivity for effective ETC implementation.
• Data Security Concerns: The use of digital payments raises issues regarding data privacy and security.
• Interoperability Issues: Some toll plazas may not support FASTag, requiring manual payments and disrupting the seamless experience.
• Digital Literacy Dependence: Managing accounts requires digital skills, which can be a barrier for some users, especially in rural regions.

Proposed Changes for a Seamless Process

• System Interoperability: Harmonizing different tolling systems to ensure seamless operation across states.
• Integration of GNSS: Implementing distance-based charging systems to replace fixed toll points.
• Strengthening Data Security: Enhancing cybersecurity measures to protect transaction data.
• Machine Learning for Traffic Management: Using AI to predict traffic patterns and manage toll pricing dynamically.
• Linking with EV Charging Stations: Integrating tolling with electric vehicle charging for a unified payment solution.

Potential Hazards of the Transition

• Cybersecurity Risks: Increased reliance on electronic systems may expose toll systems to cyber threats.
• System Overloads: High traffic volumes could overwhelm toll systems, causing delays.
• Job Displacement: Automation may reduce the need for toll operators, raising concerns about job losses.
• Accessibility Challenges: Over-dependence on digital payments may exclude those lacking digital literacy or access.

Conclusion

The evolution of electronic toll collection technologies promises to enhance highway travel efficiency and reduce costs. However, addressing potential risks, such as cybersecurity threats and equitable access, is crucial for ensuring that ETC systems remain inclusive and reliable for all road users.