What is the significance of the Halwa Ceremony in India, and how does it mark the beginning of the budget preparation process?
Post World War II reforms in the judiciary in India reflected changing political dynamics in the following ways. Establishment of Independence- The Indian Independence Act (1947) led to the establishment of an independent Indian judiciary free from British influence. The Constitution of India (1950)Read more
Post World War II reforms in the judiciary in India reflected changing political dynamics in the following ways.
Establishment of Independence-
- The Indian Independence Act (1947) led to the establishment of an independent Indian judiciary free from British influence.
- The Constitution of India (1950) established the Supreme Court as the highest judicial authority replacing the British Privy Council.
Expansion of Judicial Review –
- The Constitution of India (1950) expanded the scope of judicial review enabling the judiciary to review executive and legislative actions.
- The Supreme Court delivered landmark judgments such as the Gopalan case (1950) and the Keshavananda Bharati case (1973) which expanded the scope of fundamental rights and judicial review.
Increased Representation and Diversity –
- Post independence judicial appointments became more representative with increased numbers of Indian judges and judges from diverse backgrounds.
- Judicial education and training programs were established to enhance the quality and diversity of the judiciary.
Reflection of Changing Political Dynamics –
- Post World War II reforms reflected the decolonization and nationalist movements in India which emphasized self rule, democracy and social justice.
- The reforms also reflected the social and economic transformation of India with the judiciary playing a crucial role in promoting social justice, equality and human rights.
See less
Model Answer Introduction The mid-eighteenth century in India was marked by significant political fragmentation and instability. This period was characterized by the decline of the Mughal Empire, the rise of regional powers, and the increasing influence of European colonial entities, all contributinRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The mid-eighteenth century in India was marked by significant political fragmentation and instability. This period was characterized by the decline of the Mughal Empire, the rise of regional powers, and the increasing influence of European colonial entities, all contributing to a disjointed political landscape.
Decline of the Mughal Empire
The weakening of the Mughal Empire was pivotal in fostering fragmentation. Following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the empire was plagued by weak successors and internal power struggles. The absence of a strong centralized administration led to an erosion of authority, making it difficult to maintain law and order across vast territories. This disintegration created a power vacuum, allowing local leaders to assert control over their regions (Richards, 1993).
Rise of Regional Powers
As Mughal authority waned, various regional powers began to emerge. The Maratha Empire in the Deccan, the Sikhs in Punjab, the Rajputs in Rajasthan, and the Nawabs of Bengal and Hyderabad sought to capitalize on the weakened state of the empire. These regional entities often competed for territory and resources, which further fragmented India’s political landscape and resulted in a patchwork of competing interests (Bayly, 1983).
European Influence
The mid-eighteenth century also witnessed the increasing presence of European powers, notably the British and French East India Companies. Their interests in trade and territorial expansion added another layer of complexity to an already fragmented polity. The rivalry between these companies often exacerbated regional tensions, as they sought alliances with local rulers.
Ineffective Alliances and Shifting Loyalties
The political alliances formed during this period were frequently unstable and opportunistic. Loyalties among regional powers and European companies shifted rapidly, leading to a constantly changing political environment. This fluidity further deepened the fragmentation, creating an atmosphere of mistrust and competition (Copley, 2010).
Conclusion
The interplay of these factors fostered significant political instability, paving the way for external forces to exploit the situation. This fragmentation not only weakened India’s political structure but also laid the groundwork for colonial domination, profoundly affecting the nation’s history and socio-economic development.
See less