Modern India

Model Answer

Introduction

Lord Curzon served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, and his tenure was marked by significant and controversial policies that had enduring effects on the Indian national movement. These policies inadvertently strengthened nationalist sentiments, catalyzing the push for independence.

Key Policies and Their Implications

1. Partition of Bengal (1905)

The partition of Bengal along communal lines was perceived as a “divide and rule” strategy aimed at weakening nationalism.

• Fact: This move incited widespread opposition, leading to the Swadeshi movement, which promoted the boycott of British goods and spurred revolutionary activities under leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh.
• Implication: Although annulled in 1911, the partition became a rallying point for the national movement.

2. Universities Act (1904)

This act placed major universities under increased government control, ostensibly to improve standards.

• Fact: Nationalists viewed it as an attempt to suppress anti-colonial sentiments among students, resulting in protests that alienated educated classes from the British.
• Implication: It contributed to a growing political consciousness among students.

3. Official Secrets Act (1904)

The Act imposed severe restrictions on press freedom, targeting writings deemed seditious.

• Fact: This angered journalists and political activists, further stifling dissent.
• Implication: It galvanized opposition against colonial censorship and repression.

4. Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904)

This act gave the government authority over India’s cultural heritage, seen as an appropriation of Indian identity.

• Fact: It sparked resentment among nationalists who viewed it as cultural control.
• Implication: This fostered a renewed interest in India’s heritage and history as symbols of national pride.

5. Infrastructure and Modernization

Curzon initiated various infrastructure projects, including the formation of a railway commission.

• Fact: While intended to serve British interests, these projects inadvertently connected Indian society more closely.
• Implication: Enhanced communication facilitated political mobilization and awareness.

6. Calcutta Corporation Act (1899)

This act reduced elected representatives in the Calcutta Corporation, limiting Indian self-governance.

• Fact: The reduction led to the resignation of 28 members in protest.
• Implication: It highlighted discontent with British governance and bolstered demands for greater representation.

7. Attitude Towards Princely States

Curzon aimed to maintain the autonomy of princely states, which hindered political unification efforts.

• Fact: This approach slowed cohesive nationalist movements among various regions.
• Implication: It ultimately fostered resistance against colonial rule.

Conclusion

Lord Curzon’s policies, intended to curb nationalism, ironically became catalysts for its growth. His tenure marked a significant shift from moderate to assertive nationalism, uniting diverse groups against colonial rule and setting the stage for the Indian freedom struggle.