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Indian Polity

The Indian polity is a federal, parliamentary democracy. The legislative branch, the Parliament, consists of the Lok Sabha (lower house) and the Rajya Sabha (upper house), with the Lok Sabha being the more powerful.

India’s federal structure grants significant autonomy to its 28 states and 8 union territories, each with its own elected government and legislative assembly.
ocal governance is further decentralized through the Panchayati Raj system, empowering communities at the district, block, and village levels.

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Home/Indian Polity

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Prateek
  • 1
PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 1

Compare the Rajya Sabha’s and the Lok Sabha’s respective powers.  (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: parliament & state legislatures
  1. Tamit
    Tamit Legend

    Both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha have different powers and roles, making up the Indian Parliament. Lok Sabha: Having more authority in legislative issues, the Lok Sabha is the primary house. It is elected by the public, thus being more reflective of the people's views. The Lok Sabha alone has the authRead more

    Both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha have different powers and roles, making up the Indian Parliament.

    Lok Sabha: Having more authority in legislative issues, the Lok Sabha is the primary house. It is elected by the public, thus being more reflective of the people’s views. The Lok Sabha alone has the authority to introduce money bills, and its consent is necessary for the approval of the budget and taxation. In case of a conflict on a bill between the two houses, the decision of the Lok Sabha takes precedence. Furthermore, the government is comprised of the party or coalition that has a majority in the Lok Sabha.

    Rajya Sabha, serving as the upper house, represents the states and union territories to ensure their interests are represented at the national level. Although it is able to examine and propose changes to bills, it lacks the authority to introduce financial bills. The Rajya Sabha can postpone laws but cannot completely stop them if the Lok Sabha is resolute. It also plays a vital role in showcasing the federal structure of India.

    In summary, the Lok Sabha holds more power in legislative processes, while the Rajya Sabha serves as a stabilizing force representing regional interests.

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Prateek
  • 0
PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 0

Using examples, highlight the distinctions between “holding together federations” and “coming together federations.” (A response of 200 words) (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: federal structure
  1. Debdatta Das
    Debdatta Das Begginer

    FEDARALISM IS DIVIDED INTO TWO FORMS i.e. the coming together fedaration and the holding together fedaration . Holding together fedartaion means that when a larger country decides to divide its power and authority in to the  member states and the  central government . Coming together fedaration on tRead more

    FEDARALISM IS DIVIDED INTO TWO FORMS i.e. the coming together fedaration and the holding together fedaration . Holding together fedartaion means that when a larger country decides to divide its power and authority in to the  member states and the  central government . Coming together fedaration on the other hand means that the wherein the sovereign states they join their hands with other sovereign states in order to form a larger unit . In holding together fedaration the central government has its dominance in the other state constituences and that of the coming together fedaration both the state and the central  government has the equal power distribution .

    Examples of Holding together fedaration : India and Spain .

    Examples of Coming together fedaration : USA and Australia.

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Prateek
  • 0
PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 0

What does the term “judicial activism” and “overreach” mean to you? Talk about the related issues as well. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: judiciary
  1. Anmol _06
    Anmol _06 Begginer

    Judicial activism and overreach refer to the role and influence of the judiciary in shaping public policy and governance beyond its traditional boundaries. Judicial activism occurs when courts take an assertive role in interpreting the Constitution or laws to address societal issues or advance sociaRead more

    Judicial activism and overreach refer to the role and influence of the judiciary in shaping public policy and governance beyond its traditional boundaries. Judicial activism occurs when courts take an assertive role in interpreting the Constitution or laws to address societal issues or advance social justice, often stepping beyond the strict application of legal texts. This proactive approach aims to address perceived injustices or gaps in the law, reflecting an evolving interpretation of legal principles.

    Conversely, judicial overreach happens when the judiciary exceeds its authority, encroaching on areas typically reserved for the legislative or executive branches. This can lead to concerns about the balance of power, as courts may make decisions that significantly impact policy or administration, potentially undermining democratic processes or the separation of powers.

    Associated concerns

    • Erosion of Democratic Principles: When courts make decisions that influence policy, it can undermine the authority of elected representatives, potentially disrupting the democratic process and shifting power from legislatures and executives to the judiciary.
    • Imposition of Judicial Views: Judicial activism may lead to courts imposing their own interpretations or values on society, which can reflect personal or political biases rather than the intent of the law or public consensus.
    • Impact on Separation of Powers: Overreach by the judiciary can blur the lines between the branches of government, leading to conflicts over the scope of authority and responsibilities among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
    • Lack of Predictability and Stability: Frequent or inconsistent judicial decisions may create uncertainty in the legal system, making it difficult for individuals and institutions to anticipate legal outcomes and plan accordingly.
    • Potential for Policy Overstepping: Judicial decisions that effectively create or modify policy can circumvent the legislative process, where comprehensive debate and deliberation typically occur, potentially leading to less informed or less representative policy changes.
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Prateek
  • 0
PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 0

Describe the idea of the division of powers. Which clauses in the Indian Constitution demonstrate the division of powers? (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. Kusum pandey
    Kusum pandey Begginer
    This answer was edited.

      Concept of Separation of Powers and Provisions in the Indian Constitution    Separation of Powers is a principle wherein the government is divided into three distinct branches: the Legislature, the Executive, and the Judiciary. Each branch has separate and independent powers and areas ofRead more

     

    Concept of Separation of Powers and Provisions in the Indian Constitution 

     

    Separation of Powers is a principle wherein the government is divided into three distinct branches: the Legislature, the Executive, and the Judiciary. Each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility to ensure no single branch holds excessive power. This framework promotes a system of checks and balances, preventing any branch from usurping complete control.

     

    • Legislature: This branch is responsible for making laws. In India, this role is performed by the Parliament, which consists of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

     

    • Executive: This branch is tasked with implementing and administering laws. In India, the executive is led by the President, followed by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

     

    • Judiciary: This branch interprets the laws and ensures they are in accordance with the Constitution. The Supreme Court, High Courts, and other subordinate courts carry out judicial functions in India.

     

    Provisions in the Indian Constitution Reflecting Separation of Powers

    The Indian Constitution, while not explicitly mentioning the term “separation of powers,” embeds the principle through various articles and provisions:

     

    • Article 50: This article directs the state to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state. This provision ensures judicial independence and prevents executive interference in judicial matters.

     

    • Article 123: This article empowers the President to promulgate ordinances during recesses of Parliament, showcasing the executive’s power to make temporary laws. However, these ordinances must be approved by Parliament within six weeks of its reassembly, reflecting legislative oversight.

     

    • Article 13: This article declares that any law inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights shall be void. It establishes the judiciary’s power to review and strike down such laws, ensuring legislative and executive actions conform to the Constitution.

     

    • Article 74: This article states that the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers, highlighting the interconnected nature of the executive and legislature.

     

    Example to Illustrate the Concept

    Consider a scenario in a school:

     

    • The Principal (Executive) is responsible for implementing the school’s policies and ensuring they are followed.
    • The School Council (Legislature) creates new policies and rules for the school.
    • The Teachers (Judiciary) interpret the rules, ensure students follow them, and resolve disputes or discipline students when necessary.

    Each entity operates independently within its domain, ensuring a balance of power and effective governance within the school.

     

    Conclusion

    The separation of powers is a cornerstone of democratic governance, ensuring that power is not concentrated in any single branch and that each branch can check the others. The Indian Constitution incorporates this principle through various provisions, thereby upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights of its citizens.

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Prateek
  • 0
PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 0

What does the term “pressure groups” mean? Give instances and describe the many strategies pressure groups employ to accomplish their objectives. ( 200 words)

upsc: pressure groups & other associations
  1. Namrata Verma
    Namrata Verma Begginer

    Pressure groups are a group of organized individuals formed while exercising rights under article 19(1)(b), playing a huge role in enhancing public participation. Some examples of pressure groups- Navdanya, Confederation of Indian Industry and Self Employed Women's Association. Different types of teRead more

    Pressure groups are a group of organized individuals formed while exercising rights under article 19(1)(b), playing a huge role in enhancing public participation. Some examples of pressure groups- Navdanya, Confederation of Indian Industry and Self Employed Women’s Association.

    Different types of techniques used by pressure groups:

    1. Public Awareness Campaigns– In order to raise support and make people aware about an issue, rallies, protests and social media campaigns are organized. Example-  During Farmers protest mass rallies and protests along with huge social media campaigns were organized.
    2. Legal Action– Governmental policies which may be deemed as unfair are taken to courts via lawsuits or petitions. Example – Public Interest Litigation is used to challenge government policies.
    3. Lobbying- Contacting the policymakers or government officials directly in pursuit of agreeing to a specific case is called lobbying. Example- CII for reducing corporate taxes.
    4. Research and Reports– Conducting research and analyzing it to form a conclusive report is used by pressure groups in order to support their claim. Example – The latest Greenpeace report titled “Heat Havoc”.
    5. Public Relations– Influencing public opinion via communication strategies is another tactic used by pressure groups. Example- PETA India utilized advertising campaigns featuring Bollywood celebrities to raise awareness about animal cruelty. 
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Prateek
  • 0
PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 0

Tribunals: What are they? What distinguishes Article 323A of the Indian Constitution from Article 323B? (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: constitutional bodies
  1. Vishal Rathod
    Vishal Rathod Begginer

    Tribunals are specialized judicial bodies established to adjudicate disputes & perform judicial functions in specific areas of law. They are created to ease the burden on regular courts, provide expertise in specialized matters, and ensure quicker resolution of disputes. Article 323A vs. ArticleRead more

    Tribunals are specialized judicial bodies established to adjudicate disputes & perform judicial functions in specific areas of law. They are created to ease the burden on regular courts, provide expertise in specialized matters, and ensure quicker resolution of disputes.

    Article 323A vs. Article 323B of the Indian Constitution

    Article 323A: Administrative Tribunals
    This article provides for the establishment of tribunals for the adjudication of disputes and complaints related to the recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or any State.
    Enabling Law: Parliament has the exclusive power to enact a law for the establishment of these tribunals.
    Single Subject Focus: It deals specifically with matters of public service employment.
    eg:- The Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), which deals with disputes related to the service matters of central government employees.

    Article 323B: Tribunals for Other Matters
    This article allows for the establishment of tribunals to adjudicate disputes in various other matters such as taxation, foreign exchange, industrial and labor disputes, land reforms, and others.
    Enabling Law: Both Parliament and State Legislatures have the power to enact laws for the establishment of these tribunals.
    Multiple Subject Focus: It covers a wider range of subjects beyond just public service employment.
    eg:- Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) for tax disputes, Industrial Tribunals for labor disputes.

    Key Differences

    1. Subject Matter:
    Article 323A: Focuses exclusively on disputes related to public service employment.
    Article 323B: Encompasses a variety of matters including taxation, labor disputes, land reforms, and more.

    2. Legislative Authority:
    Article 323A: Only Parliament can legislate for the establishment of these tribunals.
    Article 323B: Both Parliament and State Legislatures can legislate for the establishment of these tribunals.

    3. Breadth of Coverage:
    Article 323A: Narrow focus on public service employment.
    Article 323B: Broad focus, covering multiple subjects.

    By setting up tribunals under these articles, the Indian Constitution aims to ensure specialized and efficient resolution of disputes in various domains, thereby relieving the burden on the traditional judicial system and ensuring timely justice.

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Devesh Kumar
  • 0
Devesh KumarBegginer
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 0

Describe the significance of a constitution for a democratic nation such as India.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. S. Alina Aimol
    S. Alina Aimol Begginer

    In India, the Constitution is the “supreme law of the land” and there is nothing beyond it . It places effective restrictions on the authority of the state in the interest of the individual’s liberty. With the absence of the constitution, constitutional disputes between different branches of the govRead more

    In India, the Constitution is the “supreme law of the land” and there is nothing beyond it . It places effective restrictions on the authority of the state in the interest of the individual’s liberty.
    With the absence of the constitution, constitutional disputes between different branches of the government cannot be resolve. Thus, effective decision making and the continuity of political struggle can only ensured with its presence.
    It reflects the expresses the ideals and aspirations of the people . These provisions are reflected in the preamble , oaths and mottos, and other symbols that are defined in our Constitution.
    Therefore, a democratic nation like India needs a Constitution for the doctrine of limited government and to safeguard the rule of law .

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Prateek
  • 0
PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 0

Talk about the Indian President’s veto power. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: parliament & state legislatures
  1. Debdatta Das
    Debdatta Das Begginer

    The veto power of the president is certain powers given by the constitution in terms of passing up of the bill in the two houses of the parliament  i.e.the Lok sabha and the Rajya sabha .  There are basically three types of powers they are the absolute veto, suspensive veto and the pocket veto : ABSRead more

    The veto power of the president is certain powers given by the constitution in terms of passing up of the bill in the two houses of the parliament  i.e.the Lok sabha and the Rajya sabha .  There are basically three types of powers they are the absolute veto, suspensive veto and the pocket veto :

    ABSOLUTE VETO :

    This is the power of the parliamennt to withhold and bill to get the consent of it . This bill is basically that of the   private members bill.

    SUSPENSIVE VETO :

    This power of the is given to the president for getting  a reconsideration of the non -money bill to the parliament but if it is gain sent by the parliament without any amendments then the president must consider it .

    POCKET VETO :

    The president to delay a bill indefinitely by neither giving assent nor returning it . This power has no time limitation allowing the president significant flexible .

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Prateek
  • 0
PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 0

Although the Constitution of India incorporates elements from the constitutions of multiple other nations, it still stands out as a distinctive document. Discuss. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: features of indian constitution
  1. [Deleted User]
    [Deleted User]

    As we all are aware of the fact that before the making of the Indian Constitution there were a lot of details that was taken care. The makers wanted to get the best constitution for the people as per the country’s standard. So, a bits and pieces were collectively used of various countries for the InRead more

    As we all are aware of the fact that before the making of the Indian Constitution there were a lot of details that was taken care. The makers wanted to get the best constitution for the people as per the country’s standard. So, a bits and pieces were collectively used of various countries for the Indian Constitution.
    For your reference, under the Government of India Act 1935, the provisions that were borrowed from the countries were the Britain, United States, Canada, Germany, Australia, France, South Africa, the USSR, Japan, and many more.
    The making of the Indian Constitution didn’t happen overnight, the Drafting committee where Dr. B.R. Ambedkar the chairman and other took approximately 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to the precise.
    Talking about the committee the member not just took the provisions from the other countries but gave keen and precise detailing weather the laws they were going to incorporate will be suitable for the people of India or not.
    The alignment for the country was based on the country’s diversity.

    The constitutional power relied only upon one supreme law and making sure to be a unified state.

    The social and economic goals decides a lot about a country. Therefore, the makers have special added a chapter on it to create a smooth path for the people.
    India is a diverse country with various religions and communities. So, to have a liberal mindset among the people, secularism has been implemented where everyone is equal.

    Amendments are used to make any change or difference. It allows people to feel secured in their needs.

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Prateek
  • 0
PrateekLearner
Asked: June 5, 2024In:
  • 0

Under what circumstances can the President’s Rule be enforced in a state? Additionally, describe the process of its implementation and the resulting consequences. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: parliament & state legislatures
  1. Shrutkirti Ranjan
    Shrutkirti Ranjan Begginer

    President's Rule in India: Constitutional Provisions and Controversies President's Rule, governed by Article 356, is a significant yet contentious provision in the Indian Constitution. It enables the central government to take direct control of a state when its constitutional machinery fails. GroundRead more

    President’s Rule in India: Constitutional Provisions and Controversies

    President’s Rule, governed by Article 356, is a significant yet contentious provision in the Indian Constitution. It enables the central government to take direct control of a state when its constitutional machinery fails.

    Grounds for Imposition:

    • Failure of constitutional machinery in the state
    • Breakdown of law and order
    • Financial emergency or economic instability
    • Corruption or misgovernance

    Procedure and Effects:

    • The state Governor reports to the President about the state’s inability to function according to constitutional provisions.
    • The President’s proclamation must be approved by both houses of Parliament within two months.
    • The state assembly is suspended or dissolved, and the Governor assumes executive authority.

    Recent Controversies:

    • Maharashtra (2019): President’s Rule was imposed amid political uncertainty following a hung assembly, sparking debates about its necessity and timing.
    • Jammu and Kashmir (2018-2019): The extended period of President’s Rule, followed by the reorganization of the state, raised questions about the use of Article 356 in sensitive regions.

    President’s Rule remains a powerful tool in Indian federalism, but its application is closely scrutinized for potential misuse and its impact on state autonomy. Balancing the need for central intervention with respect for state sovereignty continues to be a critical aspect of its implementation.

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