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Geography

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Home/Geography

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: July 8, 2024In: ,
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Describe the process by which a tsunami forms. Mention the government’s preparations for and mitigation of tsunamis.

upsc: disaster managementupsc: tsunami
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert
    This answer was edited.

    According to WMO(World Meteorological Organization)- "Tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by the displacement of large volume of water, usually as a result of earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions". Formation of Tsunami - Displacement of water through earthquake, landslRead more

    According to WMO(World Meteorological Organization)- “Tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by the displacement of large volume of water, usually as a result of earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions”.

    Formation of Tsunami –

    1. Displacement of water through earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions or meteorites.
    2. Transfer of energy to the surrounding water.
    3. Wave formation and wave propagation at speed of upto 500 mph .
    4. Shoaling and amplification of waves led to pile up of water and increase in height near the coast.
    5. Tsunami waves reaches the coast causing widespread destruction and loss of life.

    Tsunami preparedness involves –

    1. Preparedness and planning measures taken before a disaster strikes  to minimize it’s impact ex-public education and mass awareness.
    2. Timely and accurate information to prevent and mitigate the impact of disasters.
    3. Emergency Response planning for unexpected events.
    4. Safe and orderly exit of the people.
    5. Recovery and rehabilitation efforts after the disaster.
    6. International cooperation for better management
    7. Technological Advancements enhance preparedness, response and recovery.

    Mitigation Efforts taken by the governments –

    1. Creation of institutional framework like NDMA,INCOIS,IMD,NCMRWF.
    2. Coastal radar and surveillance system for early warning system.
    3. Tsunami resistant construction at Andaman and Nicobar islands .
    4. Regulatory measures like Disaster Management Act 2005 , Coastal Regulation Zone etc .
    5. Creation of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC),Sendai framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2005 etc to promote international cooperation .
    6. Formation of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
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Bhawna Shukla
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Bhawna ShuklaBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In: , , ,
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  1. Rishabh Katiyar
    Rishabh Katiyar Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    The future of artificial intelligence is immense and vast. It might be very important in many places and create many opportunities for jobs in future: 1.Advanced automation robotics: Artificial intelligence will further drive mechanical automation, not only in the manufacturing sectors but also in hRead more

    The future of artificial intelligence is immense and vast. It might be very important in many places and create many opportunities for jobs in future:

    1.Advanced automation robotics: Artificial intelligence will further drive mechanical automation, not only in the manufacturing sectors but also in healthcare customer service, and logistics. This increased level of autonomy will enable robots to undertake progressively complex tasks, like surgery administration, caregiving, and hazardous environment exploration.

    2.Health Care Revolution: Another important area where AI is going to make a difference is health care, for a better diagnosis of the patient, which automatically leads to an apt treatment and obviously a quality patient care. Diseases will be tracked faster by predictive analytics and doctors would do better diagnoses with the help of medical AI. Eventually, personalized medicine will dominate the scene as drugs are developed to target specific genetic profiles of individuals.

    3.First-Place Winner: Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence AI systems are more central to society than ever, and the requirements placed on ethical considerations are more significant than ever. The video below will cover some of the most important and pressing issues, such as bias, fairness, transparency, and accountability, with more robust frameworks for the ethical deployment of AI.

    4.Augmented Decision-Making: AI will assist human decision-making by mining large data and provide insights. The AI tools will supplement the human mind only in domains like finance, law, business strategy, allowing experts to make better decisions that are more learned and speedy.

    5.AI & Creativity: AI will bend artistic outcomes and projects across art, music, and writing. There will be more AI-generated experiences with complementary tools bound to stretch human imagination in their own right.

    6.Robotic vehicle: Research in the field of self-driving cars, drones, and other robotic vehicles will be further continued. These technologies will change the way transport and logistics work today into more efficient, safe, and open ones.

    7.Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability: The huge impact of AI on matters that range from fighting climate change for sustainability is unabridged. These models are run by AI in a manner that the environmental changes can be foreseen, including energy to its use and resource management more effectively.

    8.AI for Space Exploration: This technology will enhance the capabilities of spacecraft and rovers in jumping into planets. Autonomous systems are among the most promising technologies that can help humans navigate and explore space, which has resulted in more discoveries and development for our understanding of what is beyond.

    If this trend continues, then probably the next phase of AI will be one in which it stops being an entirely separate technology sector and becomes large enough to influence every other industry. It will need conscience consideration to ethical, social, and legal implications for offering its benefits in a responsible and just approach on the other side.

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Rudra prasad bhuyan
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Rudra prasad bhuyanBegginer
Asked: August 2, 2024In: , , , , , , , , ,
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agriculturegreen revolution
  1. Atharva Kadam
    Atharva Kadam Begginer

    Green Revolution was launched in 1965 with the help of M.S. Swaminathan  Green Revolution has a significant impact on Indian agriculture. It increased the agricultural production due to HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds  most notably in Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It made India world's one ofRead more

    Green Revolution was launched in 1965 with the help of M.S. Swaminathan 

    Green Revolution has a significant impact on Indian agriculture.

    • It increased the agricultural production due to HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds  most notably in Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
    • It made India world’s one of the largest agricultural nation from previously food deficient nation.
    • It provided employment to a large number of people in various sectors
    • It produced plants strong enough to withstand diseases and extreme climate

    While it was highly effective in short period in the longer run it did more harm than good

    • Due to high usage of chemical fertilizers the soil eroded the fertility dropped and the ground water contaminated
    • It created disparity between small farmers and large farmers
    • It made plants more vulnerable to pests

    We can all agree it had it’s own limitations and success

    We learnt many lessons from this

    1. Many farmers started shifting to organic farming
    2. It made India self sufficient
    3. We started developing even better technology for agriculture
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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 1, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition of Primary Rocks: Explain what primary rocks, or igneous rocks, are, emphasizing their formation from molten material (magma or lava). Significance: Highlight the importance of primary rocks in understanding the Earth’s geological history and their role ...

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Primary rocks, also known as igneous rocks, are formed through the solidification of molten material, either magma or lava. They are characterized by their crystalline structure and diverse mineral composition. Understanding primary rocks is crucial for insights into the EaRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Primary rocks, also known as igneous rocks, are formed through the solidification of molten material, either magma or lava. They are characterized by their crystalline structure and diverse mineral composition. Understanding primary rocks is crucial for insights into the Earth’s geological history and the rock cycle.

    Types of Primary Rocks

    Granite

    Granite is a coarse-grained intrusive rock primarily composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. It is widely used in construction due to its durability and aesthetic appeal. The slow cooling of magma beneath the Earth’s surface allows for the formation of large crystals, giving granite its distinctive texture (Source: “Geology: A Very Short Introduction” – Simon & Schuster).

    Basalt

    Basalt is a fine-grained extrusive rock rich in iron and magnesium. It forms when lava cools rapidly at or near the Earth’s surface, resulting in small crystals. Basalt is commonly found in volcanic areas and is used in road construction and as a building material (Source: “Igneous Rocks” – USGS).

    Obsidian

    Obsidian is a volcanic glass formed from the rapid cooling of lava. It is known for its smooth texture and shiny appearance, making it popular for decorative purposes and historically used as a cutting tool in ancient civilizations (Source: “The Rock Cycle” – Geological Society of America).

    Characteristics of Primary Rocks

    Formation

    Primary rocks are formed through the solidification and crystallization of molten magma or lava, making them the first rocks to form in the Earth’s crust.

    Mineral Composition

    These rocks typically contain minerals like quartz, feldspar, mica, and amphibole. The specific minerals present depend on the chemical composition of the original magma.

    Texture

    Primary rocks exhibit a range of textures, from fine-grained to coarse-grained, determined by the cooling rate of the magma. Rapid cooling results in fine-grained textures, while slow cooling leads to coarse-grained textures.

    Crystal Size

    Due to slow cooling, primary rocks often contain large, well-formed crystals visible to the naked eye, providing insights into their formation history.

    Interlocking Structure

    They have an interlocking crystalline structure that enhances strength and durability, with individual mineral grains tightly interconnected.

    Lack of Fossils

    Primary rocks do not contain fossils or organic remains, as they are formed from molten material.

    Intrusive and Extrusive Forms

    Primary rocks are classified into intrusive (formed beneath the surface) and extrusive (formed at the surface), affecting crystal size and texture.

    Conclusion

    Primary rocks are crucial components of the Earth’s crust, offering valuable insights into geological processes and the planet’s history. Their diverse types and characteristics help in understanding the formation and evolution of the Earth’s crust over time.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 10, 2024In:
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Describe the processes that gave rise to the ocean currents. What effects do they have on local fishing, climates, and navigation? (200 words) [UPSC 2015]

upsc: oceanography
  1. Srinivasa
    Srinivasa Begginer

    Ocean currents mainly result from the interaction of wind forces, that are basically driven by temperature differences arising from the heating of solar radiation, and the Coriolis effect due to Earth's rotation. This means a combination of factors induce the large-scale movements of water around thRead more

    Ocean currents mainly result from the interaction of wind forces, that are basically driven by temperature differences arising from the heating of solar radiation, and the Coriolis effect due to Earth’s rotation. This means a combination of factors induce the large-scale movements of water around the world. Besides these, variations in the density of water, based on their temperature and salinity, contribute to inducing the vertical circulation, often referred to as thermohaline circulation, which then contributes to governing the global climate and marine ecosystems.

    • Effects on climate: Warm Ocean currents, as the Gulf Stream, transfer warmth from equatorial regions toward higher latitudes, warming local conditions there by moderating coastal climates. Conversely, cold ocean currents cool adjacent areas and may even be responsible for more moderate or cooler coastal climates. S
    • Fishing Impact: Ocean currents help in the nutrient upwelling within some regions where cold, nutrient-ice water rises towards the surface. In such up-welling zones, there is such rich fishery as plankton blooms thrive, attracting large fish population and in creating marine biodiversity, making them critical for global fisheries.
    • Navigation Implications: Ocean currents also affect maritime navigation. The navigators must make considerations regarding the currents when charting routes since such influence a lot of changes in relation to speed because their forces can act in a manner that increases or hinders travel.
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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: July 13, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , ,
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ANSWERS PLZZZ!!

developing countriesethicsgovernmentindiamoralspoliticsspeakupworld
  1. Bhargavi Saraf
    Bhargavi Saraf Begginer

    India is still considered a developing country primarily due to several key factors that hinder its progress towards becoming a developed nation. Firstly, despite rapid economic growth and advancements in various sectors, India faces persistent challenges such as poverty, income inequality, and lackRead more

    India is still considered a developing country primarily due to several key factors that hinder its progress towards becoming a developed nation.

    Firstly, despite rapid economic growth and advancements in various sectors, India faces persistent challenges such as poverty, income inequality, and lack of widespread access to basic services like healthcare and education. These disparities are significant and continue to widen the gap between the affluent and the marginalized populations.

    Secondly, infrastructure development remains inadequate in many parts of the country. While urban centers showcase modern infrastructure, rural areas often lack basic amenities like roads, electricity, and sanitation facilities, which are crucial for sustainable development.

    Thirdly, India’s demographic dividend, characterized by a large and youthful population, presents both opportunities and challenges. While the youth population can drive economic growth and innovation, issues such as unemployment and underemployment remain prevalent, indicating a mismatch between skill development and job market needs.

    Moreover, governance issues, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and corruption have historically impeded effective policy implementation and economic progress. These factors, combined with environmental challenges and regional disparities, contribute to India’s classification as a developing nation despite its economic potential and global influence.

    In essence, while India has made significant strides in various domains, addressing these multifaceted challenges comprehensively is essential to transitioning from a developing to a developed country status.

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Ayushi Shrivastwa
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Ayushi ShrivastwaBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
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What are the predicted long-term consequences of climate change if no action is taken?

question
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    Climate change refers to the long term changes in the Earth's climate especially a change in the average weather conditions or in the distribution of weather patterns over a significant period of time (decades to millions of years) which can be caused by various factors including variations in solarRead more

    Climate change refers to the long term changes in the Earth’s climate especially a change in the average weather conditions or in the distribution of weather patterns over a significant period of time (decades to millions of years) which can be caused by various factors including variations in solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and human activities, particularly the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor.

    Long term consequences of Climate change –

    1. Rising sea levels due to climate change will cause catastrophic coastal flooding, erosion, saltwater intrusion, displacement of millions, loss of infrastructure and destruction of ecosystems, habitats and livelihoods worldwide.
    2. Climate driven extreme weather events will intensify by causing devastating heat waves, droughts, floods and storms, leading to loss of life, displacement, food insecurity, economic disruption and infrastructure destruction globally.
    3. Coral bleaching due to climate change causes devastating consequences by habitat loss for marine life, fishery decline, reduced shoreline protection, decreased tourism,l and economic losses, threatening reef ecosystems’ very existence.
    4. Fuels human migration and conflict by displacing millions, straining resources and sparking social unrest, as drought, sea level rise, and scarcity of food and water escalate tensions.
    5. Imperils food and water security by causing crop failures, reduced yields, changed growing seasons, water scarcity and increased food prices, threatening global stability and human well being.

     

    Climate change demands urgent collective action as its devastating impacts on ecosystems, economies and human well being intensify, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices, renewable energy and global cooperation.

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Urvashi Mehta
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Urvashi MehtaBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In: ,
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Discuss the importance of ethical hacking in IT sector?

  1. Aryan1234586
    Aryan1234586

    Ethical hacking plays a crucial role in the IT sector by proactively identifying and addressing security vulnerabilities before malicious hackers can exploit them. This preventative approach helps protect sensitive data, ensuring its confidentiality, integrity, and availability. By performing regulaRead more

    Ethical hacking plays a crucial role in the IT sector by proactively identifying and addressing security vulnerabilities before malicious hackers can exploit them. This preventative approach helps protect sensitive data, ensuring its confidentiality, integrity, and availability. By performing regular penetration tests and security assessments, ethical hackers help organizations comply with various regulations and standards, such as GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI DSS, thus avoiding legal and financial penalties. Additionally, ethical hacking safeguards an organization’s reputation by preventing data breaches that can erode customer trust and damage public image. Investing in ethical hacking also results in significant cost savings, as the expenses associated with remediation and damage control after a breach are often far higher than the costs of implementing preventative measures. Moreover, the insights gained from ethical hacking allow organizations to continuously enhance their security measures, staying ahead of evolving threats and maintaining robust defenses against cyber attacks.

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Mayank Lodhi
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Mayank LodhiBegginer
Asked: July 31, 2024In:
  • 1

  1. Madhumitha Madhumitha
    Madhumitha Madhumitha Begginer

    Yes, inorganic fertilizers can be harmful to crops if used in excess or in the wrong combination. Here’s how: 1. Nutrient Imbalance:Excessive application can lead to nutrient imbalances. For example, too much nitrogen can promote lush, leafy growth at the expense of flowers and fruit, while excessivRead more

    Yes, inorganic fertilizers can be harmful to crops if used in excess or in the wrong combination. Here’s how:

    1. Nutrient Imbalance:Excessive application can lead to nutrient imbalances. For example, too much nitrogen can promote lush, leafy growth at the expense of flowers and fruit, while excessive phosphorus can inhibit the uptake of other essential nutrients like iron and zinc.

    2. Soil Health Degradation:Overuse of inorganic fertilizers can lead to soil degradation. They often lack organic matter, which is crucial for maintaining soil structure, water-holding capacity, and microbial activity.

    3. Water Pollution:Runoff from excessive use can contaminate nearby water sources, leading to problems like algal blooms, which deplete oxygen in water and harm aquatic life.

    4. Toxicity: High concentrations of certain nutrients can be toxic to plants, causing symptoms like leaf burn or root damage. For instance, excessive salt levels from fertilizers can dehydrate plant roots.

    5. Environmental Impact: Over-fertilization can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental issues, such as soil acidification.

    To minimize these risks, it’s important to follow recommended application rates and ratios, based on soil tests and plant needs. This ensures balanced nutrient supply and reduces potential negative impacts on both crops and the environment.

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Payal Agarwal
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Poll
Payal AgarwalBegginer
Asked: August 2, 2024In:
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Why are the himalayas called young fold mountains?

geographyindiageographypollquestions
  1. Akriti Pandey
    Akriti Pandey Enthusiast

    (i) Himalayas are called young fold mountains as they are formed by folding process and still process of folding is going on . (ii) They got folded into three parallel range-The greater Himalayas, the lesser Himalayas and the Shivalika. (iii) They have all prominent peaks which are snow covered almoRead more

    (i) Himalayas are called young fold mountains as they are formed by folding process and still process of folding is going on .

    (ii) They got folded into three parallel range-The greater Himalayas, the lesser Himalayas and the Shivalika.

    (iii) They have all prominent peaks which are snow covered almost throughout the year. So, Himalayas are geologically young and structurally fold mountains stretch over the Northern borders of India.

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