Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly introduce the Permanent Settlement system, including ...
Model Answer Unpaid Work: Indian women dedicate 8 times more hours to care work compared to men, which limits their participation in paid employment. This is one of the key factors contributing to the low FLFPR. (Source: 2019 Data) Lack of Care Infrastructure: Women's unpaid labor, including childcaRead more
Model Answer
- Unpaid Work: Indian women dedicate 8 times more hours to care work compared to men, which limits their participation in paid employment. This is one of the key factors contributing to the low FLFPR. (Source: 2019 Data)
- Lack of Care Infrastructure: Women’s unpaid labor, including childcare and elderly care, is valued at 3.1% of India’s GDP, but public sector expenditure on care infrastructure is below 1%. This disparity further restricts women’s ability to engage in the formal workforce. (Source: World Bank Report)
- Reduced Job Opportunities: Automation in agriculture and non-farm sectors has led to fewer job opportunities for women. McKinsey’s report suggests that up to 12 million women could lose jobs by 2030 due to technological advancements. (Source: McKinsey Report)
- Income Effect: As household incomes rise, the necessity for a “second income” diminishes. As a result, families often withdraw women from the workforce as a symbol of economic prosperity. (Source: IMF)
- Impact of COVID-19: The pandemic had a disproportionate effect on women, with 37.1% of adult women losing jobs compared to 27.7% of men by April 2020. (Source: World Bank)
Measures to Improve FLFPR in India
- Care Facilities: Establishing and upgrading care facilities for children and the elderly, particularly in rural areas, to reduce the burden of unpaid work on women.
- Recognition of Informal Workers: Recognizing the economic contributions of ASHAs, ANMs, and AWWs by classifying them as formal employees and incorporating their work in GDP calculations.
- Flexible Work Arrangements: Employers should offer flexible work options such as flex-time, job-sharing, and reduced working hours to make the workplace more inclusive for women.
- Sensitization and Awareness: Gender-equitable attitudes should be promoted through sensitization programs, engaging men and boys in the redistribution of domestic responsibilities.
- Incentives for Women Employment: Gender-specific employment targets in urban public works and wage subsidies to incentivize hiring women in MSMEs.
- Bridging the Digital Gender Divide: Investing in digital literacy and providing long-term training for women to equip them for emerging job opportunities in technology-driven sectors.
Conclusion
These measures, alongside collaborations between the government, private sector, and social organizations, can work towards increasing women’s participation in the workforce, ensuring better representation, and improving gender equality in the labor market.
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The Permanent Settlement: A double-edged sword The Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis. It was a characteristic revenue system of British India, mainly to stabilize the revenue system and encourage agricultural development in Bengal. So why was the Permanent Settlement somRead more
The Permanent Settlement: A double-edged sword
The Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis. It was a characteristic revenue system of British India, mainly to stabilize the revenue system and encourage agricultural development in Bengal. So why was the
Permanent Settlement somewhat necessary?
Reasons for Introduction:
1. Loyal Landowners Creation: The British had an idea that a specif ic class must be created – the class loyal only to the British; those were the loyal landlords. The British assumed that when they gave irrevocable rights to land, friendship would be guaranteed.
2. Reduction of Corruption: The system sought to lower the rate of corruption in which revenue officials fixated assessments of revenues because that would leave no scope for discretionary power and the East India Company would have a fixed revenue.
3. Administration Made Simple: The Permanent Settlement made the administration simpler. It entrusted the revenue collection to the Zamindars, thus relieving the Company of a huge burden in administration.
Adoption of a fixed revenue: an integral part of the permanent settlement was that it provided a steady and predictable income to the company, thus removing in great measure the element of uncertainty in its finance.
5. Investment Motivation: The British thought that the Zamindars would be incentivized to invest in agriculture and enhance productivity because they had control over the land.
Impacts of Permanent Settlement:
1. A practice of extracting rent: The zamindars used to tax excessively and collect rent oppressively to extract maximum revenue, which ultimately led to rural indebtedness and poverty on a large scale.
2. Decline in Agricultural Output: The inability of the Zamindars to introduce any improvements in agriculture is evidenced by their lesser interest in collecting rents, which diminished agricultural productivity and halted economic growth.
3. Absentee landlordism: most zamindars, particularly the wealthy ones, became absentee landlords with all the consequences that followed in terms of neglect of their estates and bitterness among local cultivators.
4. Increased social inequality: This system strengthened the structures of feudalism and social inequality even more by accumulating lands in the hands of a few wealthy Zamindars.
5. Commercialization of Agriculture: The focus on promoting non-food crops for export markets has greatly undermined local economies and resulted in challenges to food security.
The Permanent Settlement was introduced with the intentions of bringing stability to the revenue system and encouraging agricultural growth. However, it produced a negative consequence that had a terrible impact on the peasantry and rural economy. Exploitation, extreme poverty, and social inequality prevailed lots under this system which magnified the demerit of the top-to-bottom approach to land reforms.
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