Satellite-based climate monitoring systems significantly contribute to managing and mitigating climate risks.

*Advantages:*

1. Global coverage: Satellites provide comprehensive data on climate patterns.
2. High-resolution imagery: Detailed information on weather events, sea level rise, and land use changes.
3. Real-time monitoring: Timely data for early warning systems and emergency response.
4. Consistency: Standardized data collection ensures comparability over time.
5. Cost-effectiveness: Reduced costs compared to ground-based observation networks.

*Limitations:*

1. Data accuracy: Sensor calibration, atmospheric interference, and orbital degradation affect accuracy.
2. Spatial resolution: Limited resolution for local-scale climate phenomena.
3. Temporal resolution: Gaps in data due to orbital cycles and satellite lifespan.
4. Inter-satellite inconsistencies: Differences in sensor design and calibration.
5. Dependence on technology: Vulnerability to technological failures and obsolescence.

*Impact on Climate Risk Management:*

1. Improved weather forecasting
2. Enhanced disaster preparedness and response
3. Informed decision-making for climate adaptation
4. Monitoring of climate change indicators (e.g., sea level rise, glacier melting)
5. Validation of climate models

*Applications:*

1. Weather forecasting and warning systems
2. Climate modeling and prediction
3. Disaster risk reduction and management
4. Agriculture and water resource management
5. Urban planning and infrastructure development

*Examples of Satellite-Based Climate Monitoring Systems:*

1. NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites
2. European Space Agency’s Copernicus program
3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) GOES-R series
4. Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) INSAT and Kalpana satellites

*Way forward:*

1. Next-generation satellite constellations (e.g., NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory)
2. Integration with ground-based observations and models
3. Advanced data analytics and machine learning
4. International cooperation and data sharing
5. Development of climate-resilient infrastructure