Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Briefly introduce Lord Curzon’s tenure as Viceroy of India (1899-1905) and the significance of his policies. Thesis Statement: Highlight that Curzon’s policies, while intended to suppress nationalism, had lasting implications that ultimately strengthened the national movement. 2. ...
Model Answer Introduction Indian nationalism emerged as a powerful reaction against British colonial policies, deeply intertwined with the anti-colonial movement. The shared experience of oppression under colonial rule fostered a sense of unity among diverse groups in India. Emergence of Indian NatiRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Indian nationalism emerged as a powerful reaction against British colonial policies, deeply intertwined with the anti-colonial movement. The shared experience of oppression under colonial rule fostered a sense of unity among diverse groups in India.
Emergence of Indian Nationalism
1. Segregation and Discrimination
British policies of segregation sparked widespread opposition.
- Fact: Lytton’s policies, such as lowering the age limit for the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination from 21 to 19 in 1876 and the Vernacular Press Act (1878), fueled resentment.
- Fact: The Illbert Bill controversy aimed to eliminate racial inequality in the judiciary but faced strong opposition from British residents, highlighting racial antagonism where Englishmen deemed themselves superior.
2. Political and Administrative Divide
The Partition of Bengal in 1905, orchestrated by Viceroy Lord Curzon, intensified nationalist sentiments.
- Fact: This partition aimed to divide and rule by creating religious divisions, but it instead united various communities against colonial policies.
3. Technological Unification
The British introduced railways and telegraphs primarily for military logistics.
- Fact: However, these developments facilitated greater communication and connected political leaders and the masses, fostering a sense of national identity.
4. Legal Unification
The establishment of a unified judiciary and codified laws created a new dimension of political unity.
- Fact: This legal framework linked diverse regions and cultures, enhancing the sense of a unified nation.
5. Western Thought and Education
The introduction of modern education allowed the assimilation of Western ideas.
- Fact: Knowledge of English empowered nationalist leaders to communicate across linguistic barriers, promoting a collective national identity.
6. Rise of the Middle Class Intelligentsia
British economic policies led to the emergence of a new urban middle class.
- Fact: This class, educated and politically aware, became the backbone of the Indian National Congress, driving the nationalist movement.
Other Influential Factors
- Contemporary Movements: The successes of liberation movements in South America and Europe inspired Indian nationalists.
- Role of the Press: The growth of Indian-owned newspapers critiqued colonial policies and promoted unity.
- Rediscovery of India’s Past: Scholars like Max Müller and Swami Vivekananda reshaped narratives, instilling pride in India’s heritage.
- Socio-Religious Reform Movements: Organizations like the Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj fostered national pride.
Conclusion
Indian nationalism was not solely a product of colonial policies; it arose as a complex interplay of reactions to these policies and broader socio-political movements. The emergence of a unified national identity was shaped by both the oppressive nature of colonial rule and the diverse responses it provoked across India.
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Model Answer Introduction Lord Curzon served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, and his tenure was marked by significant and controversial policies that had enduring effects on the Indian national movement. These policies inadvertently strengthened nationalist sentiments, catalyzing the push forRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Lord Curzon served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, and his tenure was marked by significant and controversial policies that had enduring effects on the Indian national movement. These policies inadvertently strengthened nationalist sentiments, catalyzing the push for independence.
Key Policies and Their Implications
1. Partition of Bengal (1905)
The partition of Bengal along communal lines was perceived as a “divide and rule” strategy aimed at weakening nationalism.
2. Universities Act (1904)
This act placed major universities under increased government control, ostensibly to improve standards.
3. Official Secrets Act (1904)
The Act imposed severe restrictions on press freedom, targeting writings deemed seditious.
4. Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904)
This act gave the government authority over India’s cultural heritage, seen as an appropriation of Indian identity.
5. Infrastructure and Modernization
Curzon initiated various infrastructure projects, including the formation of a railway commission.
6. Calcutta Corporation Act (1899)
This act reduced elected representatives in the Calcutta Corporation, limiting Indian self-governance.
7. Attitude Towards Princely States
Curzon aimed to maintain the autonomy of princely states, which hindered political unification efforts.
Conclusion
Lord Curzon’s policies, intended to curb nationalism, ironically became catalysts for its growth. His tenure marked a significant shift from moderate to assertive nationalism, uniting diverse groups against colonial rule and setting the stage for the Indian freedom struggle.
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