Model Answer

Disregard for Moral Values in International Relations

Despite the existence of various institutions designed to ensure fairness in international relations, states often prioritize their own interests over moral values.

1. Sense of Insecurity

Countries frequently act on the basis of mutual distrust and insecurity. For example, despite commitments to non-violence, nations like North Korea pursue nuclear weapons, undermining global peace efforts.

2. Just War Theory

The ethical considerations surrounding warfare often lead to moral dilemmas. The U.S. decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II is an example where the justification of military action conflicted with humanitarian principles.

3. Regional Supremacy Aspirations

Nations often engage in practices that undermine fairness for regional dominance. China’s support for Pakistan through arms funding and opposition to sanctions illustrates how strategic partnerships can prioritize national interests over ethical considerations.

4. Colonial Hangover

Despite advocating for territorial sovereignty, countries may interfere in others’ affairs. The British Parliament’s discussions regarding the abrogation of Article 370 in India exemplify this contradiction.

5. Distributive Justice

Developed nations, primarily responsible for climate change, often fail to take equitable responsibility in mitigation efforts, highlighting a disregard for collective justice.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while institutions exist to promote fairness, states frequently disregard these moral frameworks in pursuit of self-interest, leading to significant ethical challenges in global relations.

Model Answer

Ethical Challenges in Foreign-Funded Medical Research in Developing Countries

Foreign-funded medical research in developing countries presents several ethical challenges that can undermine the integrity and fairness of such studies.

1. Informed Consent Issues

One of the primary ethical concerns is the lack of informed consent from local populations. Often, participants may not fully understand the risks involved or the nature of the study, leading to exploitation.

2. Unequal Distribution of Risks and Benefits

There is frequently an imbalance in how risks and benefits are distributed. Local communities may bear the risks associated with the research, while the benefits, such as new treatments or technologies, are often directed elsewhere.

3. Vulnerability of Local Teams

Local research teams may feel pressured to accept unethical study designs due to reliance on foreign funding for their infrastructure development. This creates a conflict of interest that can compromise ethical standards.

4. Non-Universal Ethical Standards

Different countries have varying ethical standards and regulations, making it challenging to maintain uniformity in ethical practices. This disparity can lead to ethical lapses in research conducted in developing countries.

5. Monitoring Difficulties

Limited resources in developing nations often hinder effective monitoring of research projects, increasing the risk of unethical practices going unchecked.

6. Data Protection Concerns

Research data must be handled in accordance with local laws to ensure privacy and data integrity. However, this is often overlooked, leading to potential misuse of sensitive information.

Conclusion

These ethical challenges highlight the need for a robust ethical framework that respects local populations, ensures informed consent, and promotes equitable benefit-sharing. By addressing these issues, foreign-funded medical research can be more ethical and beneficial to developing countries.