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Home/upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: February 15, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Briefly introduce the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM), launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, and its significance in India’s independence struggle. Thesis: Mention that the movement was motivated by various socio-political factors and played a pivotal role in ...

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM), initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, marked a critical phase in India's quest for independence from British colonial rule. The movement aimed at uniting Indians in peaceful protest and demanding self-governance. It was a transformative stRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM), initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, marked a critical phase in India’s quest for independence from British colonial rule. The movement aimed at uniting Indians in peaceful protest and demanding self-governance. It was a transformative step in the Indian freedom struggle.

    Key Factors that Motivated Gandhi to Launch the Non-Cooperation Movement

    1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The brutal massacre on April 13, 1919, where British troops killed hundreds of innocent Indian civilians, deeply impacted Gandhi. This tragic event intensified his resolve to challenge British rule.
      • Fact: The massacre galvanized widespread outrage, strengthening the call for non-violent resistance against British oppression.
    2. Rowlatt Act: The 1919 Rowlatt Act, which allowed the British to imprison Indians without trial and curtail civil liberties, violated fundamental human rights, prompting Gandhi to take action.
      • Fact: Gandhi saw the Rowlatt Act as an unjust law, leading him to launch nationwide protests in opposition.
    3. Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat Movement, led by Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, provided an opportunity for Gandhi to unite Hindus and Muslims against British rule.
      • Fact: Gandhi’s involvement in the Khilafat Movement aimed to bridge communal gaps and form a united front for independence.
    4. Economic Hardships Due to World War I: The economic consequences of India’s involvement in World War I, including soaring prices and suffering peasants, led to widespread resentment against British rule.
      • Fact: The war induced economic strain, fueling discontent among Indians, particularly the working class and peasants.

    Significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement

    1. Mass Mobilization: The NCM united various sections of Indian society, including students, peasants, and workers, in a nonviolent resistance against British rule.
      • Fact: Millions participated in protests, creating a national sense of purpose and unity.
    2. Hindu-Muslim Unity: Gandhi’s efforts to involve both Hindus and Muslims in the NCM helped bridge communal divisions and foster a collective identity against British imperialism.
      • Fact: This unity helped challenge the British strategy of “divide and rule.”
    3. Boycott of British Institutions and Goods: The NCM encouraged the boycott of British goods, educational institutions, and courts, weakening British authority and boosting local industries.
      • Fact: The boycott led to economic losses for the British and increased self-reliance among Indians.
    4. Inspiration for Future Movements: The NCM laid the foundation for subsequent independence movements, including the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement.
      • Fact: The principles of nonviolent resistance and self-reliance, advocated during the NCM, became the core strategy in later movements.

    Conclusion

    While the Non-Cooperation Movement did not immediately achieve its goals, it played a crucial role in reshaping India’s freedom struggle. Gandhi’s leadership and the movement’s mass appeal significantly advanced the cause of Indian independence, laying the groundwork for future protests and resistance against British colonialism.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Introduce the significance of the 1920s in the Indian national movement. State how this period marked the emergence of various ideological strands that broadened the movement’s social base. Fact to Use: The 1920s were crucial for the diversification of ...

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Indian national movement in the 1920s underwent a significant transformation with the emergence of various ideological strands, broadening its social base. This decade marked a diversification of the nationalist struggle, as different groups and leaders contributed uniqRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Indian national movement in the 1920s underwent a significant transformation with the emergence of various ideological strands, broadening its social base. This decade marked a diversification of the nationalist struggle, as different groups and leaders contributed unique ideas and strategies toward the fight for independence.

    Key Ideological Strands

    Gandhian Ideology

    Mahatma Gandhi emerged as a central figure during this period, promoting non-violent civil disobedience known as Satyagraha. His campaigns, such as the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and the Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), attracted support from peasants, workers, and the middle class. Gandhi’s emphasis on swaraj (self-rule) and the use of indigenous products (swadeshi) resonated widely, fostering a sense of unity among diverse groups.

    Revolutionary Nationalism

    Simultaneously, leaders like Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekhar Azad championed revolutionary nationalism through organizations like the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). While their approach of armed struggle garnered limited mass support, it inspired youth and instilled a spirit of sacrifice and patriotism among the younger generation, emphasizing the urgency of independence.

    Socialism and Communism

    The formation of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1925 and the rise of socialist leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose helped in addressing socio-economic issues. Their ideologies attracted workers, peasants, and intellectuals, integrating socio-economic concerns with the nationalist struggle, thus expanding the movement’s appeal.

    Identity-Based Movements

    Identity-based movements played a crucial role in diversifying the national movement. The Self-Respect Movement led by E.V. Ramasamy “Periyar” focused on eradicating caste discrimination, while the demand for separate electorates for Muslims, championed by the All-India Muslim League, highlighted the communal dimensions of Indian politics.

    Regional Nationalism

    Various linguistic and cultural groups began to demand greater representation and autonomy, encouraging regional leaders to engage in the nationalist struggle. This regional emphasis enriched the national movement and reflected the diverse aspirations of the Indian population.

    Conclusion

    The 1920s were a pivotal era in the Indian national movement, characterized by the emergence of various ideological strands that significantly expanded its social base. These diverse ideologies, albeit sometimes contradictory, enriched the nationalist struggle and laid the groundwork for the eventual achievement of Indian independence.

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Bhavesh Desai
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Bhavesh DesaiBegginer
Asked: July 6, 2024In:
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Analyze the press’s contribution to the Indian national movement’s early stages. Mention the difficulties the Indian press encountered at the time as well.

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Saumya
    Saumya Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    “Newspapers are the Bible of democracy.”, these words of Mahatma Gandhi underscores the profound importance of the press in the early phase of the Indian national movement. Despite facing stringent limitations, the Indian press persevered as a beacon of resistance and a catalyst for India’s eventualRead more

    “Newspapers are the Bible of democracy.”, these words of Mahatma Gandhi underscores the profound importance of the press in the early phase of the Indian national movement. Despite facing stringent limitations, the Indian press persevered as a beacon of resistance and a catalyst for India’s eventual independence.

    Role of the Press in the early phase of the Indian National Movement 

    1. Dissemination of Ideas: Indian newspapers and journals provided a platform for nationalist leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Mahatma Gandhi to articulate their visions of self-rule, social reform, and cultural revival. These publications circulated ideas of nationalism, democracy, and freedom, helping to unify diverse communities under a common cause.

    2. Mobilization and Awareness: The press played a pivotal role in mobilizing and inspiring public opinion against British policies and promoting nationalist movements such as the Swadeshi Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement.

    3. Challenging Colonial Narratives: Indian newspapers countered colonial propaganda and exposed injustices and atrocities committed by the British administration. They provided alternative perspectives on issues like economic exploitation, racial discrimination, and political repression, undermining British legitimacy and authority.

    4. Educational Role: Indian newspapers and journals played a significant role in educating the masses about their rights, political developments, and the ideals of nationalism.
    5. Platform for Debate and Discussion: The press provided a platform for intellectuals, reformers, and political leaders to debate and discuss various social, economic, and political issues facing India. This intellectual discourse helped shape public opinion, refine nationalist ideologies, and strategize effective resistance against colonial rule.
    6. Promotion of Social Reform: Alongside nationalist movements, the press advocated for social reforms such as women’s rights, caste equality, education reforms, and religious harmony. Newspapers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s “Sambad Kaumudi” and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s writings played a crucial role in promoting social justice and reform agendas.
    7. Fostering Cultural Renaissance: The press publications emphasized the richness of Indian languages, literature, arts, and traditions, fostering a sense of pride and cultural revival among Indians.
    8. International Influence: Indian newspapers established international networks and highlighted India’s struggle on the global stage, gaining international sympathy and support for the nationalist cause.
    9. Encouraging Civil Society Activism: The press encouraged the formation of civil society organizations, youth groups, and local committees dedicated to nationalist activities. It provided these organizations with a platform to coordinate efforts, disseminate information, and mobilize grassroots support for independence.
    10. Legacy in Nation-Building: The legacy of the press laid the foundations for a vibrant and independent media sector in post-colonial India, continuing to play a crucial role in democracy, social justice, and national development.

    Challenges Faced by the Indian Press:

    1. Censorship and Repression: The colonial government imposed strict censorship laws and press regulations to suppress dissenting voices. Newspapers critical of British policies faced bans, seizures, and prosecution of editors and journalists. As Bal Gangadhar Tilak lamented, “Freedom of the press is a precious privilege that no country can afford to dispense with.”
    2. Financial Constraints: Many Indian newspapers struggled with financial constraints due to limited advertising revenue and subscriptions. This hindered their ability to sustain operations, print quality content, and reach a wider audience effectively.
    3. Limited Access to Resources: Indian publications often lacked access to modern printing technology, news sources, and international networks, which restricted their ability to compete with British-owned newspapers and effectively cover global events.
    4. Language Barriers: English-language newspapers catered primarily to the educated elite, while vernacular press faced challenges in reaching rural and non-literate populations. This limited the scope of nationalist discourse and mobilization efforts across linguistic divides.

    5. Legal and Political Persecution: Indian newspapers and journalists often faced legal harassment and political persecution from colonial authorities. This created an atmosphere of fear and intimidation, forcing many publications to self-censor or operate underground to evade repression.

    6. Technological Limitations: Indian newspapers often lacked access to modern printing technology and equipment, which affected print quality, production efficiency, and the ability to compete with British-owned publications in terms of circulation and reach.
    7. Competition with British Press: British-owned newspapers enjoyed significant financial backing, advanced infrastructure, and wider international networks, enabling them to dominate the media landscape and influence public opinion in favor of colonial policies.

    Despite these challenges, the press persevered as a vital medium for advocating for freedom and justice, contributing resiliently to India’s struggle for independence. The legacy of the press in India’s struggle for independence extends beyond achieving political freedom; it laid the groundwork for a robust and independent media sector that continues to uphold democratic principles, advocate for social justice, and contribute to the nation’s ongoing development.

     

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Rajashree Shirke
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Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: January 17, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Brief Context: Introduce the First World War, its participants, and its global implications. Focus on India: State how the war’s effects were particularly felt in India due to British colonial policies. 2. Socio-Economic Disruptions in India Break down the ...

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The First World War (1914-1918) caused significant socio-economic disruptions in India, which contributed to the rise of mass mobilization for the independence movement. Some of the key disruptions included: 1. Economic Hardships Rise in National Debt: To fund the war, the British goverRead more

    Model Answer

    The First World War (1914-1918) caused significant socio-economic disruptions in India, which contributed to the rise of mass mobilization for the independence movement. Some of the key disruptions included:

    1. Economic Hardships

    • Rise in National Debt: To fund the war, the British government significantly increased defense expenditure, leading to a rise in national debt by over Rs. 3 million between 1914 and 1923. This debt burden was passed on to the common people through heavy war loans and increased taxes. This economic strain was compounded by the rise in prices, leading to widespread hardship for the Indian populace.
    • Food Shortages and Famine: The export of food grains to support the war effort, along with crop failures in 1918-19, led to food shortages and famine. The underproduction of crops during this period disproportionately affected vulnerable groups, such as women and children.

    2. Distress Among Peasants and Workers

    • Farmer Distress: Rising prices of industrial goods and food crops during the war were not matched by a corresponding increase in the prices of Indian agricultural raw materials. This led to severe distress among farmers, sparking protests like the Kisan Sabha movement in Uttar Pradesh (1918).
    • Working-Class Discontent: Low wages, long working hours, and harsh working conditions, compounded by the demand for overtime to increase war production, led to widespread dissatisfaction among industrial workers.

    3. Spread of Pandemic

    • The return of Indian soldiers from the front lines in Europe facilitated the spread of the Spanish Flu (1918-1919), which claimed millions of lives and overwhelmed India’s already strained healthcare system.

    Contribution to Mass Mobilization for Independence

    The socio-economic impact of WW-I fueled the Indian independence struggle in several ways:

    1. Political Awareness

    Indian soldiers who fought in the war returned with heightened political awareness and a sense of injustice about colonial rule. This sense of empowerment contributed to the spread of nationalist ideas.

    2. The Home Rule Movement

    In response to the hardships caused by WW-I, the Home Rule Movement, led by leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant, gained momentum. It called for self-governance and rallied public opinion against British policies.

    3. Repressive British Policies

    The British response to growing discontent included the imposition of martial law and the Rowlatt Act (1919), which restricted civil liberties. These oppressive measures further united Indian society, leading to Gandhiji’s Rowlatt Satyagraha.

    4. The Khilafat-Non-Cooperation Movement

    The harsh post-war Treaty of Sevres and the treatment of the Turkish Sultan (Khalifa) sparked the Khilafat Movement. Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement, which combined the Khilafat cause with the broader nationalist struggle, mobilized peasants, workers, and women.

    Thus, the socio-economic disruptions caused by the war, alongside oppressive British policies, led to mass mobilization across various sections of Indian society for the independence movement.

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Darshan Malik
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Darshan MalikLearner
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Talk about the role that peasant and tribal revolutions played in the nationalist sentiment that grew among the disadvantaged groups in society.

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Esha Chopra
    Esha Chopra Begginer

    Discuss the Contribution of Peasant and Tribal Uprisings in the Spread of Nationalist Sentiment Among the Marginalized Sections of Society Peasant and tribal uprisings played a crucial role in the spread of nationalist sentiment among marginalized sections of Indian society. These movements not onlyRead more

    Discuss the Contribution of Peasant and Tribal Uprisings in the Spread of Nationalist Sentiment Among the Marginalized Sections of Society

    Peasant and tribal uprisings played a crucial role in the spread of nationalist sentiment among marginalized sections of Indian society. These movements not only highlighted the grievances of these communities but also contributed significantly to the broader struggle for independence. Here’s an analysis of their contributions:

    Contribution of Peasant Uprisings

    1. Awakening of Political Consciousness:
      • Resistance Against Exploitation: Peasant uprisings, driven by economic exploitation and oppressive policies, helped awaken political consciousness among the rural population.
      • Recent Example: The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) led by Mahatma Gandhi in Bihar highlighted the plight of indigo farmers and mobilized peasant support for the nationalist movement.
    2. Formation of Peasant Movements:
      • Emergence of Organizations: These uprisings led to the formation of peasant organizations and movements that were integral to the nationalist struggle.
      • Recent Example: The Kisan Sabha movements of the 1930s, particularly in UP and Bengal, organized peasants against colonial policies and feudal practices, aligning their struggles with the broader nationalist goals.
    3. Integration with Nationalist Agenda:
      • Linking Local Issues to Nationalism: Peasant leaders began to connect their local issues with the broader nationalist agenda, contributing to a more inclusive nationalist movement.
      • Recent Example: The Telangana Rebellion (1946-51), initiated by the Andhra Mahasabha and supported by communist leaders, integrated the peasant struggles into the wider fight against British rule.

    Contribution of Tribal Uprisings

    1. Expression of Discontent:
      • Resistance Against Colonial Exploitation: Tribal uprisings expressed deep-seated discontent against colonial policies, land dispossession, and forest regulations, which resonated with nationalist sentiments.
      • Recent Example: The Munda Rebellion (Ulgulan) (1899-1900) led by Birsa Munda aimed at resisting British rule and the exploitation of tribal lands, contributing to the nationalist cause.
    2. Mobilization of Tribal Support:
      • Tribal Participation in Nationalist Movements: Tribal uprisings mobilized support from tribal communities, integrating their struggles into the nationalist framework.
      • Recent Example: The Gondi Rebellion (1920-21) led by the Gondi tribal leader, Kuruchu, against the British policies further exemplified how tribal resistance contributed to the broader nationalist movement.
    3. Highlighting Marginalized Issues:
      • Bringing Tribal Issues to the Fore: Tribal uprisings highlighted the issues faced by marginalized communities and pressured the nationalist leaders to address these concerns.
      • Recent Example: The Jai Sriram Rebellion (1942) in the central Indian tribal regions drew attention to the socio-economic issues faced by tribal communities and influenced the nationalist discourse.

    Impact on Nationalist Sentiment

    1. Broadening the Nationalist Base:
      • Inclusion of Marginalized Groups: The involvement of peasants and tribals in the nationalist struggle broadened the base of the movement, making it more inclusive and representative.
      • Recent Example: The integration of peasant and tribal uprisings into the nationalist struggle facilitated a more comprehensive national movement, leading to the formation of a united front against colonial rule.
    2. Strengthening Anti-Colonial Resistance:
      • Enhanced Resistance: The collective resistance of peasants and tribals strengthened the overall anti-colonial resistance, making it more effective and widespread.
      • Recent Example: The collective actions of peasant and tribal uprisings created significant challenges for British authorities, impacting their control and governance.
    3. Creating a Legacy of Resistance:
      • Legacy of Empowerment: These uprisings contributed to a legacy of resistance and empowerment among marginalized sections, influencing post-independence socio-political movements.
      • Recent Example: The ongoing struggles for tribal rights and land reforms in modern India reflect the enduring legacy of the early 20th-century uprisings.

    In summary, peasant and tribal uprisings played a significant role in spreading nationalist sentiment among marginalized sections of Indian society. By addressing local grievances and integrating them into the broader nationalist agenda, these uprisings not only contributed to the independence struggle but also shaped the socio-political landscape of post-independence India.

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Arman Khan
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Arman KhanBegginer
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Talk about how women have contributed to nationalist movements in large numbers and how this has affected India’s overall emancipation.

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Krishna Kapoor
    Krishna Kapoor Begginer

    Role of Women's Participation in Mass Nationalist Movements and Its Implications for the Broader Emancipation of Indian Society Women played a crucial role in the mass nationalist movements in India, and their involvement had significant implications for both the struggle for independence and the brRead more

    Role of Women’s Participation in Mass Nationalist Movements and Its Implications for the Broader Emancipation of Indian Society

    Women played a crucial role in the mass nationalist movements in India, and their involvement had significant implications for both the struggle for independence and the broader emancipation of Indian society. This participation not only contributed to the nationalist cause but also led to advancements in women’s rights and social reforms.

    1. Early Involvement and Political Awakening

    Initial Participation:

    • Women’s involvement in nationalist movements began to gain prominence in the early 20th century. Leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Begum Roquiah Sakhawat Hossain advocated for women’s education and political rights, laying the groundwork for broader participation.
    • The Swadeshi Movement (1905-1908) saw active participation from women, who organized boycotts of British goods and supported local industries.

    Role in the Indian National Congress (INC):

    • Women like Annie Besant and Kasturba Gandhi began to play prominent roles within the INC, promoting political activism and social reform.

    2. Participation in Mass Movements

    Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922):

    • The Non-Cooperation Movement marked a significant phase in women’s participation. Women engaged in protests, picketing, and boycotts of foreign goods, demonstrating their commitment to the nationalist cause.
    • Kamala Nehru, Aruna Asaf Ali, and others were actively involved in organizing rallies and spreading nationalist ideas.

    Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934):

    • The Civil Disobedience Movement saw increased female participation. Women took part in salt marches, satyagraha, and other forms of non-violent resistance. Sarojini Naidu famously led the Salt Satyagraha in the Salt March.
    • The involvement of women in these movements helped challenge traditional gender roles and stereotypes.

    3. Contributions to Social Reforms and Political Representation

    Advocacy for Social Reforms:

    • Women leaders were instrumental in advocating for social reforms, such as education and abolition of child marriage. The activism of women in these areas contributed to broader social changes, including the enactment of laws like the Child Marriage Restraint Act (1929).
    • The All India Women’s Conference (AIWC), established in 1927, played a crucial role in advancing women’s issues and promoting educational and social reforms.

    Political Representation:

    • The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, guaranteed equal rights to women, reflecting the impact of their activism. Women were granted the right to vote and run for office, leading to greater political representation.
    • In recent years, women like Indira Gandhi and Pratibha Patil have held high offices, demonstrating the evolving role of women in Indian politics.

    4. Implications for the Broader Emancipation of Indian Society

    Empowerment and Changing Gender Norms:

    • The active participation of women in nationalist movements contributed to the empowerment of women and challenged patriarchal norms. It led to greater recognition of women’s roles in both public and private spheres.
    • The visibility of women in these movements helped in transforming societal attitudes towards women’s education, employment, and political participation.

    Impact on Legislation and Social Change:

    • Women’s activism led to important legislative changes, such as increasing the age of marriage, and promoting women’s education and employment opportunities. These changes were pivotal in improving the status of women in Indian society.
    • The legacy of these movements can be seen in contemporary efforts towards gender equality, such as the MeToo movement and recent policies aimed at reducing gender disparities in education and employment.

    5. Recent Examples and Continuing Challenges

    Modern-Day Activism:

    • Recent examples of women’s activism include participation in movements like the #MeToo movement and protests against oppressive laws, such as those related to domestic violence and sexual harassment. These movements continue the legacy of women’s involvement in social reform and national issues.
    • Climate activism, led by figures like Greta Thunberg, has also seen significant female participation, reflecting a global trend in women’s leadership across various spheres.

    Ongoing Challenges:

    • Despite progress, challenges remain, including gender-based violence, unequal pay, and underrepresentation in leadership roles. Addressing these issues requires continued advocacy and reforms.

    Conclusion

    Women’s participation in mass nationalist movements had a transformative impact on Indian society. It not only advanced the struggle for independence but also played a pivotal role in the broader emancipation of women, leading to significant social reforms and enhanced political representation. The legacy of this participation continues to influence contemporary movements for gender equality and social justice, reflecting the enduring impact of women’s contributions to Indian society.

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Prakher Singh
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Prakher SinghBegginer
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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Explain the causes of the upsurge in revolutionary activity following the Non-Cooperation Movement. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Sujata Gautam
    Sujata Gautam Begginer

    Answer: The revolutionaries had faced severe repression during the First World War. But in early 1920, many of them were released to allow a harmonious environment for the Montford Reforms to work. Gandhi soon launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM). Persuaded by Gandhiji and C.R. Das, many revoRead more

    Answer: The revolutionaries had faced severe repression during the First World War. But in early 1920, many of them were released to allow a harmonious environment for the Montford Reforms to work. Gandhi soon launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM). Persuaded by Gandhiji and C.R. Das, many revolutionary groups either agreed to join the non-cooperation programme or suspend their activities to give the non-violent Non-Cooperation Movement a chance. However, there was a rise in revolutionary activities post the NCM due to the following reasons:

    • The sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement left many of the revolutionaries disillusioned leading to questioning the basic strategy of the nationalist leadership and began to look for alternatives.
    • The younger nationalists were not convinced by the parliamentary work of the Swarajists or to the patient, undramatic, constructive work of the No-Changers. They were drawn to the idea that violent methods alone would free India and started reviving revolutionary activities.
    • The upsurge of working-class trade unionism after the War influenced the revolutionaries who wanted to harness the revolutionary potential of the new emergent class for nationalist revolution.
    • The influence of Russian Revolution (1917) and the success of the young Soviet state in consolidating itself led to newly sprouting communist groups with their emphasis on Marxism, socialism, and the proletariat. This furthered the rise of revolutionary activities.
    • Literature publishing memoirs and articles extolling the self-sacrifice of revolutionaries started growing in popularity. Journals such as Atmasakti, Sarathi, and Bijoli and books such as Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and Pather Dabi by Sharat Chandra Chatterjee fuelled the revolutionary activities too.
    • There was an emphasis on group action aimed at organs of the colonial State, instead of individual action. The objective was to set an example before the youth and to demoralize the bureaucracy especially one operating in Bengal.
    • Facing the classical dilemma and operational difficulties like mobilizing and recruiting people, the young intellectuals later decided to opt for propaganda by deed, i.e., through individual heroic action and by using courts as a forum for revolutionary propaganda. For example, Chandrasekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Bhagat Singh, Surya Sen, Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutt etc.

    Two separate strands of revolutionary groups emerged during this period-one operating in Punjab-UP-Bihar and the other in Bengal. Owing to government repression and factionalism among the revolutionaries, revolutionary activity suffered a setback, but soon many of revolutionaries started regrouping new smaller groups and continued work underground like the new ‘Revolt Groups’, under Surya Sen (Chittagong Group).

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Nandani Naina
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Nandani NainaBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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Talk about the circumstances and nature of the Communal Award as well as the responses of different parties and organizations to it. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Dolly Mehara
    Dolly Mehara Learner

    The Communal Award was announced by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in August 1932 on the basis of the findings of the Indian Franchise Committee. It established separate electorates and reserved seats for minorities, including the depressed classes, which were granted 78 reserved seats.Read more

    The Communal Award was announced by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in August 1932 on the basis of the findings of the Indian Franchise Committee. It established separate electorates and reserved seats for minorities, including the depressed classes, which were granted 78 reserved seats.

    The nature of the Award is as follows:

    • Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, depressed classes, women and Marathas were to get separate electorates. Such an arrangement for the depressed classes was to be made for a period of 20 years. The depressed classes were to get double vote, one to be used through separate electorates and the other to be used in the general electorates.
    • In the provincial legislatures, the seats were to be distributed on communal basis. Also, the existing seats of the provincial legislatures were to be doubled. Moreover, the Muslims were granted higher weightage in seat distribution in areas where they were in minority.
    • It tried to alienate different sections such as labour, commerce, industry, mining, planning and landlords by allotting special seats to them.
    • Except in the North-West Frontier Province, 3 percent seats were to be reserved for women in all provinces.

    Circumstances of the Communal Award:

    • In 1909, when provision of a separate electorate was made for Muslims, many leaders of the depressed classes felt the need for reservation for them in the legislative bodies. In order to pacify agitating voices by giving them adequate representation in the legislative and executive bodies, the British government initiated constitutional reforms.
    • In spite of the demand for a separate electorate, the Simon Commission recommended reservation of seats for the depressed classes.
    • In the Second Round Table Conference, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar presented the case for reservation of seats for the depressed classes, which was then announced in the Communal Award.

    Reactions towards it:

    • The Congress opposed separate electorates, but was not in favour of changing the Communal Award without the consent of the minorities. Thus, while strongly disagreeing with the Communal Award, the Congress decided neither to accept it nor to reject it.
    • Gandhiji saw it as an attack on Indian unity and nationalism. Moreover, he considered it harmful to both Hinduism and to the depressed classes since it provided no answer to the socially degraded position of the depressed classes. Some others viewed it as an attempt to divide the nation forever into pieces, therefore, rejected the Award.
    • B. R. Ambedkar was a strong exponent of the rights of the depressed classes and criticised the Congress for its inability to address their problems.

    As a reaction to the Award, Gandhiji demanded that the depressed classes be elected through a joint electorate and with reserved seats. To press his demand, he went on an indefinite fast on September 20, 1932. Later, various leaders, including B.R. Ambedkar, M.C. Rajah and Madan Mohan Malviya got together to work out a compromise, which was the Poona Pact.

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Rupali Sharma
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Rupali SharmaBegginer
Asked: June 27, 2024In:
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The 1930–1934 Civil Disobedience Movement was distinguished by its distinct nature, localized spatial patterns, and use of novel mobilization strategies. Explain. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Kamal Singh
    Kamal Singh Begginer

    Mahatma Gandhi kick-started the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) with the historic Dandi march against the repressive Salt Act of the British government. The Civil Disobedience Movement was marked by a unique character, regional spatial patterns and employment of new mobilization techniques, asRead more

    Mahatma Gandhi kick-started the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) with the historic Dandi march against the repressive Salt Act of the British government. The Civil Disobedience Movement was marked by a unique character, regional spatial patterns and employment of new mobilization techniques, as discussed below:

    Unique in character:

    • This was the first nation-wide movement, as the other movements were to some extent restricted to the urban areas. It saw the active participation of the capitalist class and women for the first time in large numbers.
    • Among the various forms of defiance, this period witnessed a new kind of no tax campaign i.e. the refusal to pay the chowkidar tax.
    • Other unique forms of defiance included symbolic hoisting of Congress flags, holding of illegal Congress sessions, no-rent as well as no-revenue campaigns, violation of forest laws, illegal activities like secret radio transmitters.

    Spread and pattern of the movement:

    • Southern India: C. Rajagopalachari led a march from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranniyam (in Tamil Nadu) followed by widespread picketing of foreign cloth shops. In Malabar, K. Kelappan led a march from Calicut to Payyannur. District salt marches were organised in east and west Godavari, Krishna, and Guntur of Andhra Pradesh where the merchants in the region contributed to Congress funds.
    • Eastern India: Gopabandhu Choudhury led the movement from Cuttack to Inchudi in Balasore sea coast in Orissa and it extended to Puri district as well. Satyagrahis in Assam walked from Sylhet to Noakhali (Bengal) to make salt. Also, Midnapur, Arambagh, and several rural pockets of Bengal witnessed powerful movements developed around salt satyagraha and chowkidar tax.
    • Western India: Maharashtra and Central Provinces saw defiance of forest laws such as grazing and timber restrictions. A determined no-tax movement was organised in Anand, Borsad, and Nadiad areas in Kheda district, Bardoli in Surat district in Gujarat. Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, and Manilal (Gandhiji’s son) took up the unfinished task of leading a raid on the Dharasana Salt Works.

    Mobilization techniques followed:

    • Organisation of volunteer corps and sankirtan processions in towns and villages popularised the message of Swaraj.
    • Prabhat pheris were organised, wherein people including women and children in the villages and towns went around at dawn singing nationalist songs.
    • Organisation of magic lantern shows and secret circulation of booklets containing nationalist literature in the villages spread nationalist ideas amongst the people.
    • The setting up of underground Congress ashrams became a familiar mode of nationalist activities. Similarly, rural market places, temples and Gandhian ashrams became significantly new sites of nationalist activities.
    • Widespread circulation of ‘illegal’ news-sheets or ‘Congress bulletins’ or patrikas either handwritten or cyclostyled to challenge the legitimacy of the Press Acts emerged as innovative ways of mobilizing people.
    • Children volunteered to organise themselves into vanara sena or monkey squads and girls formed their own separate manjari sena or cat army.

    The Civil Disobedience Movement, truly marked by an all-India character and spirit, is a milestone in India’s struggle for independence. The movement was temporarily withdrawn in the wake of the Gandhi-Irwin pact. However, after the failure of the Second Round Table Conference in 1932, the movement was resumed and finally fully withdrawn in 1934.

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Arman Khan
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Arman KhanBegginer
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Examine how the rise of left-wing and socialist ideology affected the development of the Indian nationalist movement throughout the interwar years.

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Krishna Kapoor
    Krishna Kapoor Begginer

    Impact of Socialist and Left-Wing Ideologies on the Indian Nationalist Movement in the Interwar Period The interwar period (1919-1939) in India was marked by significant political and social changes, with the growth of socialist and left-wing ideologies having a profound impact on the Indian nationaRead more

    Impact of Socialist and Left-Wing Ideologies on the Indian Nationalist Movement in the Interwar Period

    The interwar period (1919-1939) in India was marked by significant political and social changes, with the growth of socialist and left-wing ideologies having a profound impact on the Indian nationalist movement. This influence can be analyzed through several key aspects:

    1. Ideological Shift and Emergence of New Leaders

    Socialist Ideologies and Their Appeal:

    • The rise of socialist and left-wing ideologies in the early 20th century introduced a new dimension to Indian politics. Influenced by global events such as the Russian Revolution of 1917, these ideologies emphasized economic equality and anti-imperialism.
    • Jawaharlal Nehru, who had been exposed to socialist ideas during his stay in Europe, began advocating for a socialist economy and industrialization. His vision of a modern, industrial India became a cornerstone of the Indian National Congress (INC) strategy.

    Influence of the Left:

    • The Communist Party of India (CPI), established in 1925, played a significant role in shaping leftist thought. The CPI’s focus on class struggle and anti-colonialism resonated with various sections of Indian society, influencing leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose.
    • Bose integrated socialist principles into his nationalist agenda, advocating for a more radical approach to achieving independence, which included seeking support from countries like Germany and Japan during World War II.

    2. Impact on Nationalist Strategies and Alliances

    Change in Congress Strategy:

    • The adoption of socialist principles led to a shift in the Congress’s strategy. The Nehru Report (1928), which advocated for dominion status, was criticized by leftist leaders for not addressing socio-economic issues adequately. This critique led to the Nehru Report’s revision and the eventual acceptance of more radical demands by the Congress.

    Labour Movements and Trade Unionism:

    • The rise of trade unions and labour movements was a direct result of socialist influence. The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), established in 1920, worked towards improving labor conditions and was instrumental in mobilizing the working class against colonial exploitation.

    Electoral Alliances:

    • The elections of 1937 saw the Congress adopting a more progressive agenda, partly influenced by socialist ideas. This was evident in their approach to provincial governance, which included reforms aimed at reducing socio-economic inequalities.

    3. Socio-Economic Reforms and Policy Proposals

    Focus on Socio-Economic Issues:

    • Socialist ideology brought a focus on socio-economic reforms, such as land redistribution and social justice, into the mainstream nationalist discourse. The Kisan Sabha and Adivasi Movements gained momentum, addressing the needs of the peasantry and indigenous populations.

    Impact on Legislative Reforms:

    • The Government of India Act 1935 was influenced by these ideological currents, introducing limited self-government and expanding provincial autonomy. The leftist critique, however, argued that these reforms were insufficient for addressing the root causes of inequality and colonial oppression.

    4. The Influence on Post-Independence Policies

    Legacy of Socialist Thought:

    • The influence of socialist ideologies continued post-independence, shaping the economic policies of the newly formed Indian state. Nehru’s vision of a mixed economy and state-led industrialization reflected his commitment to socialist principles.

    Institutionalization of Socialist Ideas:

    • The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, enshrined principles of social justice and welfare, reflecting the lasting impact of left-wing ideologies on the direction of the Indian state.

    Conclusion

    The growth of socialist and left-wing ideologies significantly shaped the Indian nationalist movement during the interwar period. By challenging traditional approaches to colonial rule and introducing socio-economic dimensions to the struggle for independence, these ideologies contributed to a more comprehensive and radical nationalist agenda. The integration of socialist principles into the Congress Party’s policies and the broader nationalist movement had a lasting impact on India’s political and socio-economic landscape, influencing the direction of post-independence policies and reforms.

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