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Home/upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)/Page 2

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Sattriya Barnali Kalita
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Sattriya Barnali KalitaLearner
Asked: January 17, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing To effectively answer the question, follow this structured approach: 1. Introduction (50-60 words) Context: Provide a brief overview of the role of the Indian capitalist class in the national movement. Thesis: State that the Indian capitalist class adopted a mixed ...

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Strategy of the Indian Capitalist Class During the National Movement The Indian capitalist class played a significant role in the national movement, adopting a strategy that balanced constitutional participation with alternative forms of struggle. This dual approach helped them navigateRead more

    Model Answer

    Strategy of the Indian Capitalist Class During the National Movement

    The Indian capitalist class played a significant role in the national movement, adopting a strategy that balanced constitutional participation with alternative forms of struggle. This dual approach helped them navigate between aligning with the Indian National Congress (INC) and protecting their own economic interests.

    1. Support for Constitutional Methods

    a. Constitutional Participation:

    • The capitalists supported constitutional methods as a means to express their opposition to policies that would harm India’s economy.
    • Fact: In 1934, the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI) rejected the Report of the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Constitutional Reforms for India as it did not meet the minimum national demands (Source: FICCI Records).
    • Fact: FICCI advised a boycott of the Round Table Conferences, except for the Second Round Table Conference, due to the absence of INC leadership and Mahatma Gandhi (Source: FICCI Archives).

    b. Alignment with Congress’s National Goals:

    • The capitalist class saw participation in constitutional assemblies as a way to stay aligned with the progressive goals of the INC, particularly the attainment of Swaraj.
    • Fact: They refrained from supporting bills like the Public Safety Bill that repressed socialist and communist elements within the movement, as it was seen as harmful to India’s national interests (Source: Legislative Records).

    2. Support for Alternative Forms of Struggle

    a. Non-Violent Mass Struggles:

    • While the capitalists preferred constitutional methods, they did not rule out using non-violent mass struggles as a tool for achieving their goals.
    • Fact: G.D. Birla warned British leaders like Lord Halifax and Lord Lothian with the threat of mass civil disobedience in 1937 if constitutional advances were not fulfilled (Source: Birla’s Correspondence).

    b. Mediation and Pressure on the British Government:

    • Capitalist leaders acted as intermediaries between the INC and the British government, particularly during critical phases like the withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
    • Fact: They pressured the British government to cease repression, release political prisoners, and lift the ban on Congress (Source: Personal Letters of G.D. Birla and Purshottamdas Thakurdas).

    3. Long-Term Vision and Nationalist Support

    • The capitalists recognized the importance of supporting Indian nationalism, even when faced with pressures from imperialism.
    • Fact: Leaders like G.D. Birla and Purshottamdas Thakurdas critiqued imperialism’s economic exploitation, including excessive taxation and currency manipulation, strengthening the nationalist cause (Source: Economic Critiques by Indian Capitalists).

    Conclusion

    The Indian capitalist class adopted a balanced strategy during the national movement, supporting constitutional reforms while also using mass struggles to apply pressure on the British. Their ability to mediate between Congress and the British, combined with their long-term vision, played a crucial role in the Indian freedom struggle.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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During the Gandhian era, numerous voices had bolstered and enhanced the nationalist movement. Give specifics. (250 words) [UPSC 2019]

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Geeta Pandit
    Geeta Pandit Learner
    This answer was edited.

    The nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase (1917-1947) witnessed the active participation and contributions of various voices that strengthened and enriched the struggle for India's independence. Some of the key voices that played a crucial role during this period are: Women's Participation:Read more

    The nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase (1917-1947) witnessed the active participation and contributions of various voices that strengthened and enriched the struggle for India’s independence. Some of the key voices that played a crucial role during this period are:

    Women’s Participation:
    Prominent women leaders like Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Vijaylakshmi Pandit took active part in the civil disobedience, non-cooperation, and Quit India movements.
    Their participation not only brought gender parity to the nationalist struggle but also highlighted the issues of women’s rights and empowerment.
    Radical Revolutionaries:
    Figures like Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and Subhash Chandra Bose advocated for a more aggressive, armed struggle against the British.
    Their revolutionary activities and martyrdom inspired the youth and infused a sense of urgency in the nationalist movement.
    Socialist and Communist Voices:
    Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Jayaprakash Narayan, and Rammanohar Lohia introduced socialist and Marxist ideologies to the nationalist discourse.
    They highlighted the need to address the economic and social inequalities prevalent in the Indian society.
    Dalit Assertion:
    B.R. Ambedkar emerged as a powerful voice for the rights of the Dalits and the marginalized sections of the society.
    His struggle against caste-based discrimination and the demand for a separate electorate for the Dalits strengthened the inclusive nature of the nationalist movement.
    Regional Movements:
    Leaders like E.V. Ramaswamy (Periyar) in Tamil Nadu, the Kokilamedu Revolt in Kerala, and the Tebhaga movement in Bengal represented the diverse regional aspirations and assertion of local identities.
    These movements enriched the nationalist narrative by highlighting the need for accommodating regional diversities.
    The confluence of these diverse voices, each with its unique perspective and approach, strengthened the nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase. It evolved the movement into a broad-based, inclusive struggle that addressed the varied concerns of the Indian people, ultimately leading to the achievement of independence.

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Arman Khan
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Arman KhanBegginer
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Analyze the Indian National Congress’s responses to the growing wave of mass nationalism as well as the tactics used by the colonial government to combat it.

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Esha Chopra
    Esha Chopra Begginer

    Evaluate the Strategies Adopted by the Colonial Government to Counter the Rising Tide of Mass Nationalism and the Responses of the Indian National Congress During the early 20th century, as mass nationalism gained momentum in India, the British colonial government implemented various strategies to cRead more

    Evaluate the Strategies Adopted by the Colonial Government to Counter the Rising Tide of Mass Nationalism and the Responses of the Indian National Congress

    During the early 20th century, as mass nationalism gained momentum in India, the British colonial government implemented various strategies to counter the rising tide of nationalist sentiments. The Indian National Congress (INC) responded with a range of strategies to counter these measures and advance the cause of independence. Here’s an evaluation of both sides:

    Strategies Adopted by the Colonial Government

    1. Repressive Measures:
      • Use of Police and Military: The colonial government frequently employed police and military force to suppress nationalist activities and protests.
      • Recent Example: During the Quit India Movement (1942), the British government imposed severe repression, including mass arrests, censorship, and military interventions to crush the movement.
    2. Legislative Reforms:
      • Piecemeal Reforms: The British introduced legislative reforms aimed at appeasing moderate nationalists while curbing radical demands.
      • Recent Example: The Government of India Act 1935 was a response to growing nationalist pressure, offering limited self-government but maintaining substantial British control over key areas like defense and foreign affairs.
    3. Divide and Rule Policy:
      • Exploiting Communal Divisions: The British used communal tensions to divide nationalist forces and weaken the unified struggle for independence.
      • Recent Example: The communal awards of 1932 and the subsequent Simon Commission stoked divisions by implementing separate electorates for different communities, exacerbating communal tensions.
    4. Propaganda and Negotiation:
      • Engaging in Propaganda: The colonial government used propaganda to portray nationalist leaders as extremists and to emphasize the supposed benefits of British rule.
      • Recent Example: The Wavell Plan (1945) and the Simla Conference (1945) were attempts to negotiate with nationalist leaders while undermining their demands and buying time.

    Responses of the Indian National Congress

    1. Mass Mobilization:
      • Expanding the Base: The INC responded to repressive measures by expanding its base and mobilizing mass support through non-violent protests and campaigns.
      • Recent Example: The Salt March (1930), led by Mahatma Gandhi, was a significant act of civil disobedience that mobilized widespread support and highlighted the injustices of British policies.
    2. Negotiation and Compromise:
      • Engagement in Negotiations: The INC engaged in negotiations with the British government to achieve concessions and push for greater autonomy.
      • Recent Example: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) was an agreement between Gandhi and the Viceroy, which led to the suspension of the civil disobedience movement in exchange for political concessions and the release of political prisoners.
    3. Adapting Strategies:
      • Strategic Adjustments: The INC adapted its strategies in response to the changing political landscape, shifting from radical to moderate approaches when necessary.
      • Recent Example: Following the failure of the Round Table Conferences, the INC adopted a more moderate approach, focusing on reforms and legislative changes while maintaining a strong push for self-governance.
    4. Uniting Against Divisive Tactics:
      • Countering Communal Divisions: The INC worked to counter the divide-and-rule tactics by promoting Hindu-Muslim unity and fostering a united front against colonial rule.
      • Recent Example: The 1942 Quit India Resolution emphasized the need for a unified struggle against British rule, despite the growing communal tensions and divisions.

    Impact and Legacy

    1. Impact on Nationalist Movement:
      • Strengthening Resolve: The British strategies, while repressive, ultimately strengthened the resolve of the nationalist movement and drew more public support for the cause.
      • Recent Example: The brutal suppression of the Quit India Movement led to increased nationalist fervor and accelerated the demand for complete independence.
    2. Post-Independence Implications:
      • Legacy of Struggle: The strategies and responses during this period shaped the post-independence political landscape, influencing the nature of Indian democracy and its approach to handling dissent and communal issues.
      • Recent Example: The legacy of the British divide-and-rule policies continues to impact contemporary Indian politics, with ongoing challenges related to communal tensions and regional disparities.

    In summary, the strategies adopted by the colonial government to counter mass nationalism and the responses of the Indian National Congress were central to the evolution of the Indian independence movement. The British government’s repressive measures and divide-and-rule tactics were met with strategic mobilization, negotiation, and adaptation by the INC, ultimately contributing to the achievement of independence in 1947.

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Darshan Malik
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Darshan MalikLearner
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Analyze the role of communal politics and the growth of religious nationalism in the context of the beginning of mass nationalism in India.

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Abha Subramaniam
    Abha Subramaniam Begginer

    Analyze the Role of Communal Politics and the Growth of Religious Nationalism in the Context of the Beginning of Mass Nationalism in India The early 20th century in India witnessed the rise of mass nationalism, characterized by widespread participation in the struggle for independence. However, thisRead more

    Analyze the Role of Communal Politics and the Growth of Religious Nationalism in the Context of the Beginning of Mass Nationalism in India

    The early 20th century in India witnessed the rise of mass nationalism, characterized by widespread participation in the struggle for independence. However, this period was also marked by the emergence of communal politics and religious nationalism, which significantly influenced the trajectory of the nationalist movement. Here’s an analysis of their roles:

    Role of Communal Politics

    1. Formation of Communal Parties:
      • Muslim League: The All India Muslim League, founded in 1906, began to assert more prominently in the 1920s and 1930s, emphasizing the need for a separate nation for Muslims.
      • Recent Example: The demand for Pakistan, articulated through the Lahore Resolution of 1940, exemplified the growing communal divide and its impact on the nationalist movement.
    2. Communal Riots and Tensions:
      • Increase in Violence: Communal tensions and riots became more frequent during the struggle for independence, impacting the unity of the nationalist movement.
      • Recent Example: The communal riots of 1946, particularly in Bengal and Punjab, exacerbated divisions and highlighted the volatile nature of communal politics in shaping the independence movement.
    3. Impact on Nationalist Unity:
      • Partition of India: Communal politics eventually led to the partition of India in 1947, a direct outcome of the divisions exacerbated by the British colonial strategy and communal parties.
      • Recent Example: The communal and sectarian divisions that emerged as a result of the partition continue to affect Indian politics and society, reflecting the long-term consequences of communal politics.

    Growth of Religious Nationalism

    1. Hindu Nationalist Movements:
      • Rise of Hindu Nationalism: Organizations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Hindu Mahasabha emerged, advocating for the promotion of Hindu identity and interests.
      • Recent Example: The activities of these organizations during the early 20th century laid the groundwork for contemporary Hindu nationalist sentiments and political parties like the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
    2. Muslim Nationalism:
      • Demand for Separate Identity: The growth of religious nationalism among Muslims led to the formulation of the idea of a separate Muslim state, culminating in the creation of Pakistan.
      • Recent Example: The religious nationalism driven by the Muslim League in the 1940s was a significant factor leading to the eventual partition of India and the establishment of Pakistan.
    3. Influence on Mass Nationalism:
      • Diverted Focus: The rise of religious nationalism and communal politics often diverted focus from the broader goal of national independence to narrower religious or communal concerns.
      • Recent Example: The demand for separate electorates and communal representation, as seen in the 1909 Morley-Minto Reforms and the 1919 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, fragmented the nationalist movement and complicated efforts towards a unified independence struggle.

    Impact on the Nationalist Movement

    1. Complex Dynamics:
      • Internal Struggles: The nationalist movement faced internal struggles due to competing communal interests, impacting its effectiveness and coherence.
      • Recent Example: The internal conflicts within the Indian National Congress, driven partly by communal considerations, affected the overall strategy and goals of the independence movement.
    2. Long-Term Consequences:
      • Post-Independence Challenges: The legacy of communal politics and religious nationalism has continued to influence post-independence India, affecting political, social, and cultural dynamics.
      • Recent Example: Contemporary issues like the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid dispute and the ongoing debates over citizenship laws highlight the enduring impact of these historical developments.

    In conclusion, communal politics and the growth of religious nationalism played a significant role in shaping the trajectory of mass nationalism in India. These factors not only influenced the nature of the independence struggle but also had lasting implications for the country’s political landscape and societal fabric.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 10, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Introduce the significance of women’s roles in the Indian freedom struggle. Highlight how the Gandhian phase marked a pivotal time for women’s involvement in the movement. 2. Key Aspects of Women’s Involvement 2.1 Mass Mobilization Discuss how women participated in ...

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Women played a crucial role in the Indian freedom struggle, particularly during the Gandhian phase. Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence and satyagraha resonated with women across the country, inspiring them to actively engage in the quest for independence. Key AspecRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Women played a crucial role in the Indian freedom struggle, particularly during the Gandhian phase. Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence and satyagraha resonated with women across the country, inspiring them to actively engage in the quest for independence.

    Key Aspects of Women’s Involvement

    1. Mass Mobilization

    During the Gandhian phase, women participated in large numbers in protests, demonstrations, and non-cooperation activities. Their involvement contributed significantly to the mass mobilization of the Indian population against British rule. This large-scale participation marked a transformative moment in the freedom movement.

    2. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)

    Women were integral to the Civil Disobedience Movement, notably in the Salt March or Dandi March. They took part in the production and distribution of contraband salt, defying the British monopoly and showcasing their commitment to the cause.

    3. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

    During the Non-Cooperation Movement, women promoted swadeshi (indigenous) products and boycotted British goods. Many women spun khadi on charkhas (spinning wheels), which became a symbol of self-reliance and resistance against colonial rule.

    4. Leadership Roles

    Prominent women leaders such as Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Kasturba Gandhi emerged during this period. They organized protests, led meetings, and motivated other women to join the movement. Many women also engaged in the Indian National Congress, advocating for women’s rights and social reforms.

    5. Quit India Movement (1942)

    Women actively participated in the Quit India Movement, organizing processions and strikes. They often filled leadership roles when male leaders were arrested, ensuring the movement’s continuity.

    Conclusion

    The Gandhian phase of the Indian freedom struggle witnessed significant contributions from women, who played various vital roles. Their involvement not only bolstered the movement but also laid the groundwork for gender equality and social reforms in post-independence India.

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Darshan Malik
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Darshan MalikLearner
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Examine the elements that led to the growth of mass nationalism in India between the wars and their effects on the country’s independence movement.

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Riya Chaudhary
    Riya Chaudhary Begginer

    Factors Contributing to the Rise of Mass Nationalism in India During the Interwar Period and Its Impact on the Indian Freedom Struggle The interwar period (1919-1939) in India was marked by a significant rise in mass nationalism, which played a crucial role in shaping the Indian freedom struggle. SeRead more

    Factors Contributing to the Rise of Mass Nationalism in India During the Interwar Period and Its Impact on the Indian Freedom Struggle

    The interwar period (1919-1939) in India was marked by a significant rise in mass nationalism, which played a crucial role in shaping the Indian freedom struggle. Several factors contributed to this surge in nationalistic fervor, ultimately influencing the trajectory of the independence movement.

    Factors Contributing to the Rise of Mass Nationalism

    1. Impact of World War I:
      • Economic Strain and Political Awakening: The First World War (1914-1918) had a profound impact on India. The war led to economic hardships due to inflation, increased taxation, and shortages of essential goods. These conditions fostered widespread discontent and a political awakening among the Indian populace. The promise of self-governance made by the British during the war led to heightened expectations, which were dashed by the post-war policies of the British government.
    2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919):
      • Catalyst for Nationalist Sentiment: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians, served as a major turning point. The brutality of the massacre intensified anti-colonial sentiments and galvanized the Indian populace against British rule. The public outrage and the subsequent protests created a surge in nationalist sentiments across the country.
    3. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922):
      • Gandhi’s Leadership and Mass Mobilization: Mahatma Gandhi’s call for the Non-Cooperation Movement marked a pivotal moment in the rise of mass nationalism. His strategy of nonviolent resistance and non-cooperation with the British government mobilized a vast segment of Indian society. The movement saw widespread participation, including from the working class, students, and women, and led to the boycott of British goods, schools, and legislative councils.
    4. Economic and Social Reforms:
      • Awakening of Lower Castes and Marginalized Communities: The interwar period also witnessed the rise of social reform movements aimed at improving the conditions of marginalized communities. Leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar advocated for the rights of Dalits, while figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru promoted social and economic reforms. The engagement of these groups in the nationalist movement highlighted social inequalities and contributed to the rise of mass nationalism.
    5. Emergence of Radical Nationalist Groups:
      • Formation of New Political Organizations: The interwar period saw the rise of radical nationalist organizations such as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and the Indian National Army (INA). These groups, led by figures like Bhagat Singh and Subhas Chandra Bose, introduced more militant forms of resistance against British rule. Their actions and ideologies broadened the scope of the independence struggle, attracting a younger, more radical segment of society.
    6. Rise of Indian Press and Literature:
      • Role of Media in Spreading Nationalist Ideas: The growth of the Indian press and literature played a significant role in spreading nationalist ideas. Newspapers and journals like the “Hindustan Times” and “The Tribune” became platforms for political debate and nationalist propaganda. Literary figures like Rabindranath Tagore and Subramania Bharati used their writings to promote the idea of Indian identity and self-respect.

    Impact on the Indian Freedom Struggle

    1. Increased Popular Participation:
      • Widespread Mobilization: The rise of mass nationalism led to unprecedented levels of popular participation in the freedom struggle. The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) and the Quit India Movement (1942) saw millions of Indians from diverse backgrounds joining the struggle against British rule. This mass mobilization was crucial in applying sustained pressure on the British government.
    2. Political and Social Reforms:
      • Concessions by the British Government: The growing strength of mass nationalism forced the British government to make several concessions. The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and expanded the electorate, although it fell short of full self-governance. These reforms were partly a response to the intensified demands of the nationalist movement.
    3. Rise of Key Political Figures:
      • Leadership and Ideological Influence: Leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose became prominent figures in the nationalist movement due to their ability to channel mass sentiments effectively. The ideological diversity within the movement, ranging from Gandhian nonviolence to Bose’s militant approach, enriched the struggle and made it more dynamic.
    4. Increased International Attention:
      • Global Awareness of the Indian Struggle: The intensification of the Indian freedom struggle garnered international attention and support. The British government faced increasing pressure not only from within India but also from global anti-colonial movements. This international dimension helped in rallying support for India’s independence.
    5. Legacy of Mass Nationalism:
      • Foundations for Post-Independence India: The rise of mass nationalism laid the foundations for the post-independence political and social landscape of India. The inclusive nature of the freedom struggle and the engagement of various social groups influenced the democratic framework of the newly independent nation.

    In conclusion, the interwar period was a formative era for Indian nationalism, characterized by significant socio-political changes and the rise of mass movements. These developments played a crucial role in shaping the Indian freedom struggle, leading to a more widespread and inclusive campaign for independence. The impact of these factors is evident in the subsequent history of India and its journey towards self-governance.

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Shivam tiwari
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Shivam tiwariLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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Gandhiji’s actions in Champaran, Ahmedabad, and Kheda established him as a nationalist with a strong sense of compassion for the underprivileged. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Shyamlal Sharma
    Shyamlal Sharma Learner

    Answer: In January 1915, Gandhi ji returned to India after his struggle in South Africa, where he got the opportunity to evolve his own style of politics and leadership. Gandhiji realized that Satyagraha is the only viable way to fight against tyranny of Britishers. He also believed that non-violencRead more

    Answer: In January 1915, Gandhi ji returned to India after his struggle in South Africa, where he got the opportunity to evolve his own style of politics and leadership. Gandhiji realized that Satyagraha is the only viable way to fight against tyranny of Britishers. He also believed that non-violence and involvement of masses including poor and lower strata of society is important for the success of the freedom movement. His earliest successful Initiatives in India reflected that he had deep sympathy for poor i.e.:

    • Champaran Satyagraha: European planters had involved the cultivators in agreements that forced them to cultivate indigo on 3/20th of their holdings, known as tinkathia system. Towards the end of the 19th century, German synthetic dyes forced indigo out of the market and the European planters of Champaran enhanced rents and other illegal dues. On Gandhiji’s demand, an Enquiry Committee was set up by the government to look into the grievances of the cultivators. It led to the passage of Champaran Agrarian Act which abolished the ‘tinkathia’ system and also partly addressed the grievances of the tenants.
    • Ahmedabad and Kheda: In 1918, Gandhiji was involved in two campaigns in his home state of Gujarat.
      • First, he intervened in a labour dispute in Ahmedabad, demanding better working conditions for the textile mill workers. Gandhiji persuaded the mill owners and the workers to agree to arbitration by a tribunal, but the mill owners, taking advantage of a stray strike, withdrew from the agreement.
        • The breach of agreement was treated by Gandhiji as a very serious affair, and he advised the workers to go on strike.
        • Gandhiji decided to go on a fast, to rally the workers and strengthen their resolve to continue. The strike was withdrawn and the tribunal later awarded the thirty-five per cent increase in wages the workers had demanded.
      • Secondly, he joined peasants in Kheda asking the state for the remission of taxes following the failure of their harvest.
        • The Gujarat Sabha, of which Gandhiji was the President, played a leading role in the agitation. Appeals and petitions having failed, Gandhiji advised the withholding of revenue, and asked the peasants to fight unto death against it.
        • As a result, the Government had issued instructions directing that revenue should be recovered only from those peasants who could pay.

    With his active involvement in the three movements, Gandhi tested his methods and consolidated his style of leadership in the Indian context:

    • In the Champaran movement, Gandhiji went into the villages dressed in the sort of clothes villagers wore, speaking the vernacular, espousing causes which concerned his audience.
    • With his novel methods and active involvement, he mobilised popular support, drawing in the local businessmen, educated men among others. He acted as go-between for these different groups, mediating between two tiers of public life, and in return secured a powerful provincial following.
    • In the course of these movements, a group of local intelligentsia like Rajendra Prasad, Rajkumar Shukla, J. B. Kripalani, Indulal Yajnik, etc. came in close contact with Gandhi and worked as his emissaries among masses.

    These initiatives established Gandhiji as a true nationalist with a compassion for the poor and needy. The impact of this image was felt in the upcoming years. It was this reservoir of goodwill, and of experience, that encouraged Gandhiji, in February 1919, to call for a nation-wide protest against the unpopular legislation (Rowlatt Act) that the British were threatening to introduce.

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Arman Khan
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Arman KhanBegginer
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Examine how the rise of left-wing and socialist ideology affected the development of the Indian nationalist movement throughout the interwar years.

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Krishna Kapoor
    Krishna Kapoor Begginer

    Impact of Socialist and Left-Wing Ideologies on the Indian Nationalist Movement in the Interwar Period The interwar period (1919-1939) in India was marked by significant political and social changes, with the growth of socialist and left-wing ideologies having a profound impact on the Indian nationaRead more

    Impact of Socialist and Left-Wing Ideologies on the Indian Nationalist Movement in the Interwar Period

    The interwar period (1919-1939) in India was marked by significant political and social changes, with the growth of socialist and left-wing ideologies having a profound impact on the Indian nationalist movement. This influence can be analyzed through several key aspects:

    1. Ideological Shift and Emergence of New Leaders

    Socialist Ideologies and Their Appeal:

    • The rise of socialist and left-wing ideologies in the early 20th century introduced a new dimension to Indian politics. Influenced by global events such as the Russian Revolution of 1917, these ideologies emphasized economic equality and anti-imperialism.
    • Jawaharlal Nehru, who had been exposed to socialist ideas during his stay in Europe, began advocating for a socialist economy and industrialization. His vision of a modern, industrial India became a cornerstone of the Indian National Congress (INC) strategy.

    Influence of the Left:

    • The Communist Party of India (CPI), established in 1925, played a significant role in shaping leftist thought. The CPI’s focus on class struggle and anti-colonialism resonated with various sections of Indian society, influencing leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose.
    • Bose integrated socialist principles into his nationalist agenda, advocating for a more radical approach to achieving independence, which included seeking support from countries like Germany and Japan during World War II.

    2. Impact on Nationalist Strategies and Alliances

    Change in Congress Strategy:

    • The adoption of socialist principles led to a shift in the Congress’s strategy. The Nehru Report (1928), which advocated for dominion status, was criticized by leftist leaders for not addressing socio-economic issues adequately. This critique led to the Nehru Report’s revision and the eventual acceptance of more radical demands by the Congress.

    Labour Movements and Trade Unionism:

    • The rise of trade unions and labour movements was a direct result of socialist influence. The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), established in 1920, worked towards improving labor conditions and was instrumental in mobilizing the working class against colonial exploitation.

    Electoral Alliances:

    • The elections of 1937 saw the Congress adopting a more progressive agenda, partly influenced by socialist ideas. This was evident in their approach to provincial governance, which included reforms aimed at reducing socio-economic inequalities.

    3. Socio-Economic Reforms and Policy Proposals

    Focus on Socio-Economic Issues:

    • Socialist ideology brought a focus on socio-economic reforms, such as land redistribution and social justice, into the mainstream nationalist discourse. The Kisan Sabha and Adivasi Movements gained momentum, addressing the needs of the peasantry and indigenous populations.

    Impact on Legislative Reforms:

    • The Government of India Act 1935 was influenced by these ideological currents, introducing limited self-government and expanding provincial autonomy. The leftist critique, however, argued that these reforms were insufficient for addressing the root causes of inequality and colonial oppression.

    4. The Influence on Post-Independence Policies

    Legacy of Socialist Thought:

    • The influence of socialist ideologies continued post-independence, shaping the economic policies of the newly formed Indian state. Nehru’s vision of a mixed economy and state-led industrialization reflected his commitment to socialist principles.

    Institutionalization of Socialist Ideas:

    • The Indian Constitution, adopted in 1950, enshrined principles of social justice and welfare, reflecting the lasting impact of left-wing ideologies on the direction of the Indian state.

    Conclusion

    The growth of socialist and left-wing ideologies significantly shaped the Indian nationalist movement during the interwar period. By challenging traditional approaches to colonial rule and introducing socio-economic dimensions to the struggle for independence, these ideologies contributed to a more comprehensive and radical nationalist agenda. The integration of socialist principles into the Congress Party’s policies and the broader nationalist movement had a lasting impact on India’s political and socio-economic landscape, influencing the direction of post-independence policies and reforms.

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Darshan Malik
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Darshan MalikLearner
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Talk about how the Non-Cooperation Movement influenced the course of the Indian nationalist movement and mobilized the masses.

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Riya Chaudhary
    Riya Chaudhary Begginer

    Role of the Non-Cooperation Movement in Mobilizing the Masses and Shaping the Trajectory of the Indian Nationalist Movement The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), led by Mahatma Gandhi, was a seminal event in the Indian nationalist movement. It marked a significant shift in the nature of Indian pRead more

    Role of the Non-Cooperation Movement in Mobilizing the Masses and Shaping the Trajectory of the Indian Nationalist Movement

    The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), led by Mahatma Gandhi, was a seminal event in the Indian nationalist movement. It marked a significant shift in the nature of Indian political struggle, transitioning from a moderate approach to a more inclusive mass-based movement. This period saw substantial changes in how the Indian nationalist movement mobilized the masses and influenced its subsequent trajectory.

    Mobilization of the Masses

    1. Gandhi’s Leadership and Strategy:
      • Principle of Non-Violence: Gandhi’s adoption of non-violence (Satyagraha) as a central principle resonated with a broad cross-section of Indian society. His strategy emphasized non-violent resistance, which was accessible to people across different social strata. The Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, where a violent clash led to the suspension of the movement, highlighted the challenges and complexities of mass mobilization but also underscored Gandhi’s commitment to non-violence.
    2. Widespread Participation:
      • Cross-Sector Engagement: The Non-Cooperation Movement saw unprecedented participation from various sectors of society, including farmers, students, professionals, and women. The boycott of British goods, institutions, and honors effectively disrupted British administrative and economic systems. The movement’s success in engaging diverse groups was evident in the widespread participation of women who organized and led numerous protests and campaigns.
    3. Boycotts and Mass Actions:
      • Economic and Social Boycotts: The movement encouraged the boycott of British goods, educational institutions, and legal courts. This led to the closure of many British-run institutions and a significant impact on British economic interests in India. The Bharat Chhodo Andolan (Quit India Movement) of 1942, though a later phase, built on the organizational and mobilizational experience gained during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
    4. Promotion of Swadeshi:
      • Revival of Indigenous Industries: The emphasis on Swadeshi (using Indian-made goods) led to the revival of indigenous industries and handicrafts. The establishment of local production units and cooperatives helped foster a sense of national pride and economic independence. This laid the groundwork for subsequent movements like Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), which continued to promote local industries post-independence.

    Shaping the Trajectory of the Indian Nationalist Movement

    1. Political Awakening and Radicalization:
      • Shift from Moderate to Mass Politics: The success of the Non-Cooperation Movement demonstrated the potential for mass mobilization in political struggles, leading to a shift from moderate demands to more radical calls for complete independence. This period also saw the emergence of new leaders and political strategies, moving away from the previously dominant moderate approach.
    2. Formation of the Swaraj Party:
      • Political Realignment: Following the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement, some leaders like Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party. This party aimed to enter legislative councils to challenge British policies from within the system. This political realignment influenced future strategies and alliances in the nationalist movement.
    3. Impact on Indian National Congress (INC):
      • Internal Reforms and Changes: The movement led to significant changes within the Indian National Congress, including a shift in leadership and a greater emphasis on grassroots mobilization. The INC’s adoption of a more radical stance set the stage for subsequent movements and negotiations with the British government, including the Round Table Conferences.
    4. Influence on Future Movements:
      • Foundation for Future Struggles: The organizational and strategic lessons learned from the Non-Cooperation Movement were instrumental in shaping future nationalist campaigns. The principles of non-violence and mass mobilization continued to influence later movements, including the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) and the Quit India Movement (1942). The Quit India Movement, in particular, built on the mass mobilization techniques perfected during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
    5. Role in Indian Independence:
      • Precursor to Independence: The Non-Cooperation Movement marked a significant step towards Indian independence by demonstrating the capacity for mass mobilization and creating a framework for future struggles. The movement’s emphasis on self-reliance and non-cooperation laid the foundation for the final phase of the independence struggle, culminating in the Indian Independence Act of 1947.

    Recent Examples and Reflection

    • Contemporary Movements: The principles of non-cooperation and non-violence continue to influence contemporary political movements and protests. For example, the anti-corruption protests led by Anna Hazare in 2011 and the farmer protests against agricultural laws (2020-2021) reflected strategies of non-violent resistance and mass mobilization reminiscent of Gandhi’s approach during the Non-Cooperation Movement.

    In conclusion, the Non-Cooperation Movement played a pivotal role in mobilizing the Indian masses and shaping the trajectory of the Indian nationalist movement. Its emphasis on mass participation, non-violent resistance, and economic self-reliance set a precedent for future struggles and was instrumental in advancing the cause of Indian independence. The movement’s impact is still felt today, serving as a reference point for contemporary political activism and resistance.

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Prakher Singh
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Prakher SinghBegginer
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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Explain the causes of the upsurge in revolutionary activity following the Non-Cooperation Movement. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: beginning of mass nationalism (1919-1939)
  1. Sujata Gautam
    Sujata Gautam Begginer

    Answer: The revolutionaries had faced severe repression during the First World War. But in early 1920, many of them were released to allow a harmonious environment for the Montford Reforms to work. Gandhi soon launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM). Persuaded by Gandhiji and C.R. Das, many revoRead more

    Answer: The revolutionaries had faced severe repression during the First World War. But in early 1920, many of them were released to allow a harmonious environment for the Montford Reforms to work. Gandhi soon launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM). Persuaded by Gandhiji and C.R. Das, many revolutionary groups either agreed to join the non-cooperation programme or suspend their activities to give the non-violent Non-Cooperation Movement a chance. However, there was a rise in revolutionary activities post the NCM due to the following reasons:

    • The sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement left many of the revolutionaries disillusioned leading to questioning the basic strategy of the nationalist leadership and began to look for alternatives.
    • The younger nationalists were not convinced by the parliamentary work of the Swarajists or to the patient, undramatic, constructive work of the No-Changers. They were drawn to the idea that violent methods alone would free India and started reviving revolutionary activities.
    • The upsurge of working-class trade unionism after the War influenced the revolutionaries who wanted to harness the revolutionary potential of the new emergent class for nationalist revolution.
    • The influence of Russian Revolution (1917) and the success of the young Soviet state in consolidating itself led to newly sprouting communist groups with their emphasis on Marxism, socialism, and the proletariat. This furthered the rise of revolutionary activities.
    • Literature publishing memoirs and articles extolling the self-sacrifice of revolutionaries started growing in popularity. Journals such as Atmasakti, Sarathi, and Bijoli and books such as Bandi Jiwan by Sachin Sanyal and Pather Dabi by Sharat Chandra Chatterjee fuelled the revolutionary activities too.
    • There was an emphasis on group action aimed at organs of the colonial State, instead of individual action. The objective was to set an example before the youth and to demoralize the bureaucracy especially one operating in Bengal.
    • Facing the classical dilemma and operational difficulties like mobilizing and recruiting people, the young intellectuals later decided to opt for propaganda by deed, i.e., through individual heroic action and by using courts as a forum for revolutionary propaganda. For example, Chandrasekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Bhagat Singh, Surya Sen, Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Dutt etc.

    Two separate strands of revolutionary groups emerged during this period-one operating in Punjab-UP-Bihar and the other in Bengal. Owing to government repression and factionalism among the revolutionaries, revolutionary activity suffered a setback, but soon many of revolutionaries started regrouping new smaller groups and continued work underground like the new ‘Revolt Groups’, under Surya Sen (Chittagong Group).

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