Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the Feminization of Agriculture: Explain the concept as the increasing role of women in agriculture due to changes in labor dynamics. Context: Mention how urbanization and migration influence this shift. Relevant Fact: As per the Economic Survey ...
Model Answer Introduction In the early 1960s, India was heavily reliant on food imports, bringing in approximately 3,747 thousand tonnes of cereals in 1960-61. However, by 2000-01, this dependence had drastically reduced to just 69.9 thousand tonnes. Today, India stands as a net food exporter, withRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
In the early 1960s, India was heavily reliant on food imports, bringing in approximately 3,747 thousand tonnes of cereals in 1960-61. However, by 2000-01, this dependence had drastically reduced to just 69.9 thousand tonnes. Today, India stands as a net food exporter, with agricultural and processed food product exports reaching USD 24.8 billion in the fiscal year 2021-22. This remarkable transformation can be attributed to several key factors.
Reasons Behind the Transformation
1. Green Revolution
The Green Revolution, initiated in the 1960s and 1970s, introduced high-yielding crop varieties and modern farming techniques. This led to a significant increase in agricultural productivity, particularly in wheat, where per-hectare production rose from 850 kg to 2,281 kg during its early phases.
2. Improved Infrastructure
Investment in agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation systems and transportation networks, has facilitated efficient production and distribution. The construction of dams, such as the Bhakra Nangal Dam in 1963, has notably enhanced productivity in states like Punjab and Haryana.
3. Government Policies
Supportive government policies, including minimum support prices (MSPs) and subsidized fertilizers, have incentivized farmers to boost food grain production. These measures provide a safety net for farmers, encouraging investment in agriculture.
4. Technological Advancements
Advancements in agricultural technology, such as mechanization and precision farming, have improved productivity and reduced post-harvest losses. The increased use of tractors and combine harvesters has expedited farming operations.
5. Crop Diversification
The diversification of crops beyond traditional staples to high-value crops, including fruits and vegetables, has significantly boosted agricultural exports. For example, India is a major exporter of mangoes.
6. Entrepreneurship and Agribusiness
The rise of agribusinesses has added value to Indian produce. Companies like Amul in dairy and Patanjali in processed foods have successfully penetrated both domestic and international markets.
7. Globalization and Trade Liberalization
India’s integration into the global economy through trade liberalization and adherence to WTO norms has opened international markets for its agricultural products, facilitating exports.
Conclusion
India’s evolution from a net food importer to a net food exporter is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of its agricultural sector. However, to sustain these achievements, India must address challenges such as climate change and shifting global dynamics.
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Model Answer Introduction The feminization of agriculture in India is a phenomenon driven by urbanization and male migration. As per the Economic Survey 2017-18, women form the backbone of Indian agriculture, with 71% of economically active women engaged in this sector. Male outmigration and shiftsRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The feminization of agriculture in India is a phenomenon driven by urbanization and male migration. As per the Economic Survey 2017-18, women form the backbone of Indian agriculture, with 71% of economically active women engaged in this sector. Male outmigration and shifts in rural-urban dynamics are transforming women’s roles in agriculture, creating socio-economic ripple effects.
Factors Contributing to Feminization of Agriculture
Socio-Economic Impacts
Conclusion
Women are now integral at every stage of the agricultural value chain, from production to marketing. To enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability, gender-specific policies and interventions must address the unique challenges faced by women in this evolving landscape.
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