Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Context: Briefly introduce India’s historical reliance on food imports in the 1960s. Current Status: State the transformation to becoming a net food exporter, with export figures highlighting this change. Section 1: Historical Background Net Food Importer (1960s): Mention food import ...
Model Answer Introduction Forestry, agroforestry, and social forestry are interconnected practices that address the current challenges in Indian agriculture. These practices promote sustainable development, environmental conservation, and community welfare, and play a crucial role in improving agricRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Forestry, agroforestry, and social forestry are interconnected practices that address the current challenges in Indian agriculture. These practices promote sustainable development, environmental conservation, and community welfare, and play a crucial role in improving agricultural productivity while ensuring ecosystem health.
Main Body
1. Forestry
Forestry focuses on the management and conservation of forests for various purposes, such as timber production, biodiversity conservation, and watershed management.
- Biodiversity Conservation: The Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat protects the endangered Asiatic lion.
- Watershed Management: In Kaniyanapura village, Karnataka, tree planting and soil conservation improved water availability for agriculture.
- Carbon Sequestration: The Satpura Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh works to restore degraded forests, enhancing their carbon absorption capacity.
2. Agroforestry
Agroforestry integrates trees with agricultural practices, improving soil health, biodiversity, and providing additional income sources.
- Soil Health and Fertility: Chhattisgarh’s agroforestry project integrates fruit trees with paddy cultivation, enriching the soil and boosting farmer income.
- Biodiversity and Habitat: Araku Valley’s agroforestry system combines shade trees with coffee cultivation, fostering diverse ecosystems.
- Climate Resilience: Zero Budget Natural Farming in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka promotes agroforestry, enhancing resilience to climate change impacts.
3. Social Forestry
Social forestry involves the community in managing forests and trees to enhance livelihoods and environmental conservation.
- Livelihood Support: Odisha’s Joint Forest Management program empowers communities through activities like lac cultivation and honey production.
- Sustainable Resource Use: Maharashtra’s Van Dhan Yojana promotes sustainable bamboo cultivation, supporting tribal livelihoods.
- Community Awareness: The Bishnoi community in Rajasthan has long been protecting trees like the Khejri, demonstrating the power of community-led conservation efforts.
Conclusion
Together, these practices provide ecological benefits, enhance biodiversity, improve soil health, contribute to climate resilience, and offer livelihood opportunities. By integrating these concepts, Indian agriculture can become more sustainable and resilient, addressing critical environmental and socioeconomic challenges.
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Model Answer Introduction In the early 1960s, India was heavily reliant on food imports, bringing in approximately 3,747 thousand tonnes of cereals in 1960-61. However, by 2000-01, this dependence had drastically reduced to just 69.9 thousand tonnes. Today, India stands as a net food exporter, withRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
In the early 1960s, India was heavily reliant on food imports, bringing in approximately 3,747 thousand tonnes of cereals in 1960-61. However, by 2000-01, this dependence had drastically reduced to just 69.9 thousand tonnes. Today, India stands as a net food exporter, with agricultural and processed food product exports reaching USD 24.8 billion in the fiscal year 2021-22. This remarkable transformation can be attributed to several key factors.
Reasons Behind the Transformation
1. Green Revolution
The Green Revolution, initiated in the 1960s and 1970s, introduced high-yielding crop varieties and modern farming techniques. This led to a significant increase in agricultural productivity, particularly in wheat, where per-hectare production rose from 850 kg to 2,281 kg during its early phases.
2. Improved Infrastructure
Investment in agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation systems and transportation networks, has facilitated efficient production and distribution. The construction of dams, such as the Bhakra Nangal Dam in 1963, has notably enhanced productivity in states like Punjab and Haryana.
3. Government Policies
Supportive government policies, including minimum support prices (MSPs) and subsidized fertilizers, have incentivized farmers to boost food grain production. These measures provide a safety net for farmers, encouraging investment in agriculture.
4. Technological Advancements
Advancements in agricultural technology, such as mechanization and precision farming, have improved productivity and reduced post-harvest losses. The increased use of tractors and combine harvesters has expedited farming operations.
5. Crop Diversification
The diversification of crops beyond traditional staples to high-value crops, including fruits and vegetables, has significantly boosted agricultural exports. For example, India is a major exporter of mangoes.
6. Entrepreneurship and Agribusiness
The rise of agribusinesses has added value to Indian produce. Companies like Amul in dairy and Patanjali in processed foods have successfully penetrated both domestic and international markets.
7. Globalization and Trade Liberalization
India’s integration into the global economy through trade liberalization and adherence to WTO norms has opened international markets for its agricultural products, facilitating exports.
Conclusion
India’s evolution from a net food importer to a net food exporter is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of its agricultural sector. However, to sustain these achievements, India must address challenges such as climate change and shifting global dynamics.
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