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Home/operating system

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Suvam Bagui
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Suvam BaguiBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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operating systemprocess
  1. Rahul
    Rahul Begginer

    Process States Explanation: In operating systems, a process is a program in execution. As a process runs, it goes through different states. These states represent the current condition of the process in the system. Let's break down the main process states: 1. New: The process is being created. 2. ReRead more

    Process States Explanation:

    In operating systems, a process is a program in execution. As a process runs, it goes through different states. These states represent the current condition of the process in the system. Let’s break down the main process states:

    1. New: The process is being created.
    2. Ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor.
    3. Running: The process is currently executing on the processor.
    4. Waiting (or Blocked): The process is waiting for some event to occur (like I/O completion).
    5. Terminated: The process has finished execution.

    Examples:

    1. New: When you double-click on an application icon, the operating system creates a new process.
    2. Ready: Multiple programs open on your computer, waiting for their turn to use the CPU.
    3. Running: The video game you’re currently playing.
    4. Waiting: When you click “Save” in a document and wait for it to complete.
    5. Terminated: When you close an application, and it finishes its execution.

    Now, let’s visualize these states with a diagram:

    Process States in Operating System

    Explanation of the diagram:

    1. A new process starts in the “New” state.
    2. It then moves to the “Ready” state, waiting for the CPU.
    3. When the scheduler selects it, it goes to the “Running” state.
    4. From “Running,” it can:
    a) Go back to “Ready” if its time slice expires.
    b) Move to “Waiting” if it needs to wait for a resource or event.
    c) Proceed to “Terminated” if it completes execution.
    5. From “Waiting,” it returns to “Ready” when the waited-for event occurs.

    This cycle continues until the process terminates.

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Anonymous
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Anonymous
Asked: August 3, 2024In: ,
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How can we convert a CSV file to a TSV file? List different Strategies.

data sciencefile conversionsoperating systempreprocessing of data
  1. TRIDIB PAUL
    TRIDIB PAUL Begginer

    Converting a CSV file to a TSV file involves changing the delimiter used in the file. Here are some common strategies for this conversion: Text Editor: Open the CSV file in a text editor like Notepad++ or Sublime Text. Use the "Find and Replace" feature to replace all commas (,) with tabs (\t). SaveRead more

    Converting a CSV file to a TSV file involves changing the delimiter used in the file. Here are some common strategies for this conversion:

    1. Text Editor: Open the CSV file in a text editor like Notepad++ or Sublime Text. Use the “Find and Replace” feature to replace all commas (,) with tabs (\t). Save the file with a .tsv extension.
    2. Spreadsheet Software: Import the CSV file into a spreadsheet application such as Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets. Once the data is displayed in the spreadsheet, export or save the file as a TSV file. This method automatically handles the delimiter conversion.
    3. Command Line Tools: Use command-line tools like awk or sed on Unix-based systems. These tools can be employed to replace commas with tabs in the file content, effectively converting it to TSV format.
    4. Programming Languages: Write a script in programming languages like Python or R to read the CSV file and write it out as a TSV file. These languages provide libraries and functions to handle file operations and delimiter changes easily.
    5. Online Converters: Utilize online conversion tools or services that allow uploading a CSV file and converting it to TSV format. These tools are user-friendly and require minimal effort.
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Anonymous
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Poll
Anonymous
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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algorithmbankers algorithmoperating system
  1. Miss Dutt
    Miss Dutt Begginer

    In a multi-process operating system, the resource allocation algorithm is known as the Banker's Algorithm. It is utilized to manage resource allocation. It's used to make sure that a group of programs on a single computer can share the resources they have (like CPU time, memory, I/O devices, etc.).Read more

    In a multi-process operating system, the resource allocation algorithm is known as the Banker’s Algorithm. It is utilized to manage resource allocation. It’s used to make sure that a group of programs on a single computer can share the resources they have (like CPU time, memory, I/O devices, etc.). fairly and effectively.

    The Investor’s Calculation works by reproducing a ledger for each interaction, where the assets distributed to the cycle are treated as stores into the record. The process’s “funds,” or resources, are checked by the algorithm to see if they are sufficient to allocate the requested resources. In the event that it does, the allocation is carried out, and the process’s account is updated in line with this. The allocation is stopped until sufficient resources are available.

    The algorithm ensures that no process can acquire more resources than it has been allocated and that no process can exceed its resources. This ensures that processes can run safely and effectively while also preventing deadlocks.

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Suvam Bagui
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Suvam BaguiBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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operating systemprocess
  1. Sankalp Choudhary
    Sankalp Choudhary Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    A process is like a task that a computer is executing. It may be in different states depending on what it is doing. The following are the main process states: New :Process has just been created. Ready: Process is ready to run but waiting for CPU to get free. Running: Process is being executed by CPURead more

    A process is like a task that a computer is executing. It may be in different states depending on what it is doing. The following are the main process states:

    New :Process has just been created.


    Ready: Process is ready to run but waiting for CPU to get free.

    Running: Process is being executed by CPU now.

    Waiting: Process waits for some event (for example, waiting for user input or for a file to be read).

    Terminated: This means that the process has completed execution and has died.From New to Ready: Here, we have set our process up and it’s ready to execute.

    From Ready to Running: While running, the CPU chooses this process of all other processes that are available at that time

    From Running to Waiting: In order for the processor or any of its resources not to go idle when running the program, it should pause until an event occurs such as an input clause

    From Waiting to Ready: The state which follows after waiting can only happen if some events occur otherwise it will remain constant.

    From Running to Terminated: The task has been accomplished by this process

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[Deleted User]
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[Deleted User]
Asked: July 22, 2024In:
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computer sciencecseitoperating system
  1. KUSUM SANKHLA
    KUSUM SANKHLA Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Operating systems manage memory allocation for applications through various techniques to ensure efficient usage and prevent issues like memory leaks and fragmentation.   Memory Allocation Techniques: 1. Contiguous Allocation: Memory is allocated in contiguous blocks. Operating systems use techRead more

    Operating systems manage memory allocation for applications through various techniques to ensure efficient usage and prevent issues like memory leaks and fragmentation.

     

    Memory Allocation Techniques:

    1. Contiguous Allocation:

    Memory is allocated in contiguous blocks. Operating systems use techniques like segmentation (dividing memory into logical segments) and paging (dividing memory into fixed-size pages) to manage memory for applications.

     

    2. Dynamic Allocation:

    OS dynamically allocates memory based on application demands using techniques like:

    – Heap Management:

    Allocating memory from the heap as requested by applications. Techniques such as first-fit, best-fit, and worst-fit algorithms are used to find suitable memory blocks.

    – Stack Management:

    Allocating memory for function calls and local variables, managed using a stack data structure.

     

    3. Preventing Memory Leaks:

    Memory leaks occur when applications allocate memory but fail to release it after use, gradually depleting available memory. Techniques to prevent leaks include:

    – Garbage Collection:

    Automatic memory management where the OS periodically identifies and reclaims memory no longer in use.

    – Manual Memory Management:

    Encouraging developers to explicitly free allocated memory when it’s no longer needed.

     

    4. Preventing Fragmentation:

    Fragmentation occurs when memory becomes divided into small, unusable segments over time, reducing available contiguous memory. Techniques to prevent fragmentation include:

    – Compaction:

    Periodically rearranging memory to consolidate free space.

    – Memory Pools:

    Allocating fixed-size memory blocks for specific purposes to reduce fragmentation.

    – Memory Reclamation:

    Releasing unused memory back to the OS to manage larger contiguous blocks.

     

    By implementing these techniques, operating systems can efficiently manage memory allocation, minimize issues like leaks and fragmentation, and ensure reliable performance for applications.

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Suvam Bagui
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Suvam BaguiBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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operating systemprocess
  1. Devansh Vadher
    Devansh Vadher Begginer
    Explain process states with a suitable diagram

      New: Description: The process is being created. In this state, the operating system is setting up the process control block (PCB), memory allocation, and other necessary resources. Example: When you start a new application, it begins in the new state while the OS sets up its environment. ReadRead more

     

    1. New:
      • Description: The process is being created. In this state, the operating system is setting up the process control block (PCB), memory allocation, and other necessary resources.
      • Example: When you start a new application, it begins in the new state while the OS sets up its environment.
    2. Ready:
      • Description: The process is prepared to run but is waiting for CPU allocation. It has all the resources it needs except the CPU.
      • Example: Multiple processes might be in the ready state, waiting their turn to be executed by the CPU.
    3. Running:
      • Description: The process is currently being executed by the CPU. At this moment, the CPU is actively working on the instructions of this process.
      • Example: When the CPU starts executing the instructions of a text editor, the text editor process is in the running state.
    4. Waiting (or Blocked):
      • Description: The process cannot continue executing until some external event occurs (such as an I/O operation completion). It is not ready to use the CPU until this event is resolved.
      • Example: If a process needs to read data from a disk, it will move to the waiting state until the disk I/O operation is completed.
    5. Terminated (or Exit):
      • Description: The process has finished its execution. This state means that the process has completed its task and is being removed from the process table.
      • Example:When you close an application, the process goes into the terminated state after finishing its execution and cleanup activitie
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Suvam Bagui
  • 0
Suvam BaguiBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 0

operating systemprocess
  1. Rahul
    Rahul Begginer

    Process States Explanation: In operating systems, a process is a program in execution. As a process runs, it goes through different states. These states represent the current condition of the process in the system. Let's break down the main process states: 1. New: The process is being created. 2. ReRead more

    Process States Explanation:

    In operating systems, a process is a program in execution. As a process runs, it goes through different states. These states represent the current condition of the process in the system. Let’s break down the main process states:

    1. New: The process is being created.
    2. Ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor.
    3. Running: The process is currently executing on the processor.
    4. Waiting (or Blocked): The process is waiting for some event to occur (like I/O completion).
    5. Terminated: The process has finished execution.

    Examples:

    1. New: When you double-click on an application icon, the operating system creates a new process.
    2. Ready: Multiple programs open on your computer, waiting for their turn to use the CPU.
    3. Running: The video game you’re currently playing.
    4. Waiting: When you click “Save” in a document and wait for it to complete.
    5. Terminated: When you close an application, and it finishes its execution.

    Now, let’s visualize these states with a diagram:

    Process States in Operating System

    Explanation of the diagram:

    1. A new process starts in the “New” state.
    2. It then moves to the “Ready” state, waiting for the CPU.
    3. When the scheduler selects it, it goes to the “Running” state.
    4. From “Running,” it can:
    a) Go back to “Ready” if its time slice expires.
    b) Move to “Waiting” if it needs to wait for a resource or event.
    c) Proceed to “Terminated” if it completes execution.
    5. From “Waiting,” it returns to “Ready” when the waited-for event occurs.

    This cycle continues until the process terminates.

    See less
Rishi Nagwekar (Aren)
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Rishi Nagwekar (Aren)Begginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 0

Explain the different types of CPU scheduling algorithms in Operating System.

algorithmscpuoperating systemosquestionscheduling
  1. Manjit Kumar
    Manjit Kumar Begginer

    First Come First Serve First Come First Serve is the full form of FCFS. It is the easiest and most simple CPU scheduling algorithm. In this type of algorithm, the process which requests the CPU gets the CPU allocation first. This scheduling method can be managed with a FIFO queue. Shortest RemainingRead more

    First Come First Serve

    First Come First Serve is the full form of FCFS. It is the easiest and most simple CPU scheduling algorithm. In this type of algorithm, the process which requests the CPU gets the CPU allocation first. This scheduling method can be managed with a FIFO queue.

    Shortest Remaining Time

    The full form of SRT is Shortest remaining time. It is also known as SJF preemptive scheduling. In this method, the process will be allocated to the task, which is closest to its completion. This method prevents a newer ready state process from holding the completion of an older process.

    Priority Based Scheduling

    priority scheduling is a method of scheduling processes based on priority. In this method, the scheduler selects the tasks to work as per the priority.

    Priority scheduling also helps OS to involve priority assignments. The processes with higher priority should be carried out first, whereas jobs with equal priorities are carried out on a round-robin or FCFS basis. Priority can be decided based on memory requirements, time requirements, etc.

    As the process enters the ready queue, its PCB (Process Control Block) is linked with the tail of the queue. So, when CPU becomes free, it should be assigned to the process at the beginning of the queue.

    Round-Robin Scheduling

    Round robin is the oldest, simplest scheduling algorithm. The name of this algorithm comes from the round-robin principle, where each person gets an equal share of something in turn. It is mostly used for scheduling algorithms in multitasking. This algorithm method helps for starvation free execution of processes.

    Shortest Job First

    SJF is a full form of (Shortest job first) is a scheduling algorithm in which the process with the shortest execution time should be selected for execution next. This scheduling method can be preemptive or non-preemptive. It significantly reduces the average waiting time for other processes awaiting execution.

    Shortest Job First

    SJF is a full form of (Shortest job first) is a scheduling algorithm in which the process with the shortest execution time should be selected for execution next. This scheduling method can be preemptive or non-preemptive. It significantly reduces the average waiting time for other processes awaiting execution.

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