एन.आर.सी. विवाद से आप क्या समझते हैं? इस विवाद में निहित राजनीतिक मंशाओं को स्पष्ट कीजिये। इस मुद्दे के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रभावों की भी विवेचना कीजिये। [63वीं बीपीएससी मुख्य परीक्षा 2017]
Tribal Protests in the 19th Century: The 19th-century tribal protests in India were significant episodes of resistance against British colonial policies and exploitative practices. These movements highlighted the tribals' struggle to preserve their culture, autonomy, and resources. Here is an analysRead more
Tribal Protests in the 19th Century:
The 19th-century tribal protests in India were significant episodes of resistance against British colonial policies and exploitative practices. These movements highlighted the tribals’ struggle to preserve their culture, autonomy, and resources. Here is an analysis of their features, examples, and the reasons for their failure:
Characteristics of Tribal Protests
- Localized Nature:
- Tribal uprisings were often restricted to specific regions and lacked a pan-Indian framework.
- For example, the Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) was confined to present-day Jharkhand and parts of Bengal and Bihar.
- Resistance to Land Alienation:
- Tribals opposed the colonial policies that allowed outsiders (dikus) to acquire their lands.
- The Munda Rebellion (1899-1900), led by Birsa Munda, sought to end the practice of forced labor and reclaim ancestral land.
- Cultural and Religious Elements:
- Many protests were driven by attempts to protect tribal culture and religion from external influences.
- The Koya Rebellion (1879-80) in Andhra Pradesh combined traditional beliefs with armed resistance.
- Leadership by Tribal Chiefs or Spiritual Leaders:
- Tribal protests often revolved around charismatic leaders who combined social, political, and religious authority.
- Birsa Munda and Sidhu-Kanhu (Santhal leaders) are prominent examples.
- Violent Resistance:
- Many uprisings were marked by violent clashes against British forces, landlords, and moneylenders.
- The Kol Rebellion (1831-32) in Jharkhand witnessed widespread attacks on British officials and properties.
Major Tribal Protests in the 19th Century
- Santhal Rebellion (1855-56):
- Led by Sidhu and Kanhu, the Santhals revolted against oppressive landlords and moneylenders in the Rajmahal Hills.
- Though the rebellion was suppressed, it led to the creation of the Santhal Parganas district for tribal administration.
- Munda Rebellion (1899-1900):
- Under Birsa Munda’s leadership, the movement aimed to establish a Munda Raj and remove dikus from tribal lands.
- It was a combination of religious reform and resistance against exploitation.
- Kol Rebellion (1831-32):
- The Kols revolted against the transfer of their lands to outsiders and the exploitative practices of moneylenders and British officials.
- Koya Rebellion (1879-80):
- Led by tribal leader Tomma Dora in the Godavari district, it protested against colonial exploitation and land revenue policies.
Reasons for the Failure of Tribal Protests
- Lack of Unity and Coordination:
- Tribal protests were often localized and lacked a unified leadership to challenge the British effectively.
- Inferior Weaponry:
- Tribals relied on traditional weapons like bows and arrows, which were no match for the British army’s modern firearms.
- Limited Political Awareness:
- The movements were primarily driven by immediate grievances and lacked a broader vision for political change.
- Repressive Colonial Policies:
- The British used a combination of military force and administrative measures to suppress rebellions.
- For instance, the Criminal Tribes Act (1871) categorized some tribes as “criminal,” leading to further marginalization.
- Absence of Support from Other Communities:
- Tribal movements often remained isolated and failed to gain support from non-tribal groups or the larger nationalist movement.
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Conclusion
The tribal protests of the 19th century were valiant efforts to resist exploitation and preserve indigenous rights. While they failed to achieve their immediate goals due to several structural and strategic limitations, they played a critical role in laying the groundwork for later struggles for justice. Leaders like Birsa Munda remain celebrated as symbols of resistance and tribal pride.
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एन.आर.सी. विवाद: राष्ट्रीय नागरिक रजिस्टर (एन.आर.सी.) एक कानूनी दस्तावेज है जिसमें देश के नागरिकों का रिकॉर्ड रखा जाता है। इसका उद्देश्य यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि केवल उन लोगों को भारतीय नागरिक माना जाए जिनके पास भारत के नागरिक होने का कानूनी प्रमाण हो। यह विवाद असम में 1951 से शुरू हुआ था और 2019 मेंRead more
एन.आर.सी. विवाद:
राष्ट्रीय नागरिक रजिस्टर (एन.आर.सी.) एक कानूनी दस्तावेज है जिसमें देश के नागरिकों का रिकॉर्ड रखा जाता है। इसका उद्देश्य यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि केवल उन लोगों को भारतीय नागरिक माना जाए जिनके पास भारत के नागरिक होने का कानूनी प्रमाण हो। यह विवाद असम में 1951 से शुरू हुआ था और 2019 में असम के एन.आर.सी. को अपडेट करने के बाद यह राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर प्रमुख विवाद बन गया।
एन.आर.सी. विवाद की उत्पत्ति
राजनीतिक मंशाएँ
एन.आर.सी. विवाद को लेकर कई राजनीतिक मंशाएँ जुड़ी हुई हैं:
अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रभाव
समाधान के लिए सुझाव
निष्कर्ष
एन.आर.सी. विवाद भारतीय राजनीति में संवेदनशील मुद्दा बन चुका है। इसके राजनीतिक और सांप्रदायिक प्रभावों को देखते हुए यह महत्वपूर्ण है कि इसे सतर्कता और संवेदनशीलता के साथ सुलझाया जाए, ताकि सभी भारतीय नागरिकों के अधिकारों की रक्षा की जा सके और भारत की अंतर्राष्ट्रीय छवि पर कोई नकारात्मक प्रभाव न पड़े।
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