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Social Issues of Independent India
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Why do people oppose capitalism?
Critics of capitalism point out the following reasons: Capitalism is criticized from a lot of perspectives, and the key reasons people criticize it are: -Inequality: Critics say that capitalism naturally breeds huge inequalities of wealth. All the power and resources concentrate in the hands of a feRead more
Critics of capitalism point out the following reasons:
Capitalism is criticized from a lot of perspectives, and the key reasons people criticize it are:
-Inequality: Critics say that capitalism naturally breeds huge inequalities of wealth. All the power and resources concentrate in the hands of a few while leaving most of the others in poverty. Such inequality may occur in income inequality, wealth inequality, or other resources like health care and education.
This concept is identified by some as exploitative because it exploits workers at a lesser wage than value added. Low wages, poor working conditions, and fear of losing a job are some aspects.
Environmental Damage: Some oppose capitalism on grounds that its profit maximization motive propels environmental degradation, leading to pollution, resource depletion, and climate change, creating an irrevocable conflict with sustainable environment.
Instability and Crises: Boom-and-bust cycles have always plagued the capitalist economies, creating economic instability, recessions, and financial crises that have disastrous effects on people and societies.
Alienation: Other arguments tell that capitalism alienates the individual from his work, from his community, and from himself. The focus on material goods and consumerism leads people to feel empty and unsatisfied.
Political Influence Critics argue that capitalism allows corporations and the elite to have undue influence on political processes and consequently promotes policies that favor the elite at the expense of the masses.
See lessSocial issue
By means of initiatives aimed on major issues, community leaders in the government, industry, and education sector can collaborate to reduce societal disparities and move in the direction of inclusion. Together, these community elders might have considerable effects on the development of social equaRead more
By means of initiatives aimed on major issues, community leaders in the government, industry, and education sector can collaborate to reduce societal disparities and move in the direction of inclusion. Together, these community elders might have considerable effects on the development of social equality and equilibrium.
Proper Education:-
Educational leaders may collaborate with government organizations and companies to guarantee underprivileged populations have the same access to excellent education. In India, for example, the Akshaya Patra Foundation works together with the government and private businesses to give mid-day meals to poor youngsters, therefore promoting school attendance and inclusiveness.
Fostering financial fairness.
Government and corporate leaders could cooperate on programs for universal employment. Tata Group, to give but one example, has an affirmative action policy in India giving incentives from government and educational institutions for training and hiring people from underprivileged communities.
Social Interaction
Political leadership working together with teachers and corporate executives can start community dialogue forums. Around the world, initiatives like Interfaith Harmony Weeks offer an opportunity for different groups to share points of view and dispel stereotypes.
programs on health and welfare
See lessVaccination drives and food distribution projects brought together community leaders across industries during the COVID-19 epidemic, therefore showing how cooperative approach can solve social issues inclusively.
Examine the advancements achieved by women in post-independent India regarding political representation, education, employment, and social status. (200 words)
Model Answer Introduction The status of women in India prior to independence was marked by deep-rooted inequalities and discrimination. Women had limited access to education, employment, and political participation. However, since India gained independence in 1947, significant strides have been madeRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The status of women in India prior to independence was marked by deep-rooted inequalities and discrimination. Women had limited access to education, employment, and political participation. However, since India gained independence in 1947, significant strides have been made in improving the rights and opportunities available to women, particularly in political representation, education, employment, and social status.
Political Representation
One of the most notable advancements for women in post-independent India has been in political representation. The number of women in Parliament has increased significantly, from just 22 in 1952 to 78 in 2019. Additionally, the number of women holding ministerial positions also saw growth, peaking at 11 in 2019. Women have also assumed the position of Chief Minister in several states, with 16 states having had a female CM, the first being Sucheta Kriplani in Uttar Pradesh in 1963.
Education
In terms of education, the literacy rate among women has seen a remarkable improvement, rising from just 8.9% in 1951 to 70.3% in 2011. The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in primary education increased from 77.1% in 2000 to 97.4% in 2019. Similarly, GER in secondary education rose from 34.3% in 2000 to 79.3% in 2019, demonstrating significant progress in women’s access to education.
Employment
Despite improvements in education, women’s participation in the labor force has declined. The labor force participation rate for women dropped from 35.5% in 2004-05 to 22.5% in 2017-18. Moreover, the gender wage gap remains a challenge, with urban areas experiencing a 20.9% gap and rural areas a 18.7% gap as of 2018. Women also represent only 23.7% of the formal workforce, reflecting ongoing disparities in employment.
Social Status
Socially, India has seen a reduction in practices like child marriage, with its prevalence dropping from 50% in 1985 to 27% in 2016. The maternal mortality rate also improved, falling from 167 per 100,000 live births in 2011-13 to 113 per 100,000 live births in 2016-18. However, gender-based violence remains a serious issue, with 30% of women reporting physical or sexual violence from their husbands in the National Family Health Survey (2015-16).
Conclusion
While India has made notable progress in advancing the status of women since independence, there are still significant challenges to overcome in achieving gender equality. Continued efforts are required to address ongoing issues such as employment disparities and gender-based violence to ensure that women fully benefit from the opportunities available in post-independent India.
See lessHow did the reorganization of North-East India post-independence address the identity concerns of different ethnic and tribal communities in the region? (200 words)
Model Answer Introduction The reorganization of North-East India after independence played a crucial role in addressing the identity-based concerns of various ethnic and tribal communities. This region, distinct in terms of geography, ethnicity, and culture, underwent a series of administrative refoRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The reorganization of North-East India after independence played a crucial role in addressing the identity-based concerns of various ethnic and tribal communities. This region, distinct in terms of geography, ethnicity, and culture, underwent a series of administrative reforms to ensure representation and safeguard the interests of its diverse groups.
Reorganization of States and Ethnic Identity
The North-Eastern region saw its distinct states formed based on ethnic and tribal identities, rather than linguistic lines, unlike much of India. Initially, Assam was the main state, but following independence, several new states were created:
Autonomous Governance and Protection
To further address identity concerns, several measures were taken:
Cultural and Linguistic Autonomy
The reorganization included policies to promote and protect the unique cultures of ethnic communities:
Conclusion
By creating states based on ethnic identities, establishing councils for governance, and promoting cultural autonomy, the reorganization of North-East India post-independence addressed the region’s diverse identity concerns. This restructuring reduced secessionist movements and played a key role in integrating the North-East with the Indian Union.
See lessIn post-independence India, how did the government’s policy of tribal integration focus on preserving the rich social and cultural heritage of tribal communities? (200 words)
Model Answer Government's Efforts to Preserve Tribal Heritage Post-Independence Post-independence India adopted a complex and multifaceted approach to integrate tribal communities into the national mainstream while preserving their unique social and cultural heritage. This effort sought to balance tRead more
Model Answer
Government’s Efforts to Preserve Tribal Heritage Post-Independence
Post-independence India adopted a complex and multifaceted approach to integrate tribal communities into the national mainstream while preserving their unique social and cultural heritage. This effort sought to balance tribal rights with national development, as detailed below:
1. Preservation of Traditional Practices The government recognized the importance of allowing tribals to develop according to their own cultural norms. The Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act, 1996 was introduced to protect tribal communities from external exploitation, giving Gram Sabhas an active role in decision-making processes. This act reinforced the autonomy of tribal areas, helping preserve their traditions and cultural practices while promoting local self-governance.
2. Protection of Land and Forest Rights In recognition of the tribals’ deep connection to land and forests, the government passed laws to prevent the encroachment of non-tribal people on their lands. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 aimed to protect tribals’ rights over forest resources and their traditional lands. This law empowered tribal communities to maintain their sustainable livelihoods and safeguard their ecosystems from external exploitation.
3. Language and Cultural Identity The preservation of tribal languages and cultural practices was prioritized. The government supported Tribal Research Institutes, which conducted research and documentation on tribal languages, dialects, and cultural practices. These efforts ensured the survival of tribal languages and fostered a sense of pride in their cultural heritage.
4. Administrative Safeguards The Indian Constitution provides for special provisions for the administration of tribal areas under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules. These provisions aimed at ensuring self-governance and protecting tribal communities from outside interference in their local governance and development.
5. Ensuring Livelihood Security The government implemented schemes such as the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Minor Forest Produce (MFP) to provide fair prices for the produce collected by tribals, improving their economic conditions. These measures aimed at fostering financial security while respecting their traditional ways of life.
Despite these efforts, challenges such as slow implementation and policy divergences between central and state governments hindered the full progress of tribal welfare. Nevertheless, the government’s policies aimed at integrating tribal communities while ensuring the preservation of their distinct cultural identity.
See lessHow Far Have the Indian Armed Forces Come in Achieving Gender Equality?
The Indian Armed Forces have made significant progress in achieving gender equality, but there is still room for improvement. *Milestones:* 1. 1992: Women inducted into Armed Forces as officers. 2. 2004: Women allowed in combat support roles. 3. 2015: Women allowed in combat roles in Indian Air ForcRead more
The Indian Armed Forces have made significant progress in achieving gender equality, but there is still room for improvement.
*Milestones:*
1. 1992: Women inducted into Armed Forces as officers.
2. 2004: Women allowed in combat support roles.
3. 2015: Women allowed in combat roles in Indian Air Force (IAF).
4. 2019: Women allowed in combat roles in Indian Army and Navy.
5. 2020: Supreme Court orders permanent commission for women officers.
*Current Status:*
1. Women comprise 3% of total armed forces personnel.
2. 1,500+ women officers serve in Army, Navy, and IAF.
3. Women serve in various roles: pilots, engineers, medical officers, and more.
*Challenges:*
1. Limited opportunities for women in combat roles.
2. Stereotypes and biases persist.
3. Limited representation in senior ranks.
4. Infrastructure and facilities for women personnel.
5. Societal attitudes and family pressures.
*Reforms and Initiatives:*
1. Increased recruitment of women.
2. Training programs for women officers.
3. Separate facilities and infrastructure.
4. Support systems for women personnel.
5. Review of promotion policies.
*International Comparison:*
1. India ranks 13th in women’s representation in armed forces (Global Gender Gap Report).
2. Countries like US, UK, and Canada have higher women’s representation.
*Way Forward:*
1. Increase women’s recruitment and retention.
2. Expand combat roles and opportunities.
3. Address stereotypes and biases.
4. Improve infrastructure and facilities.
5. Encourage women to join and stay in the armed forces.
See lessKarl marx and society , Sociology
Similar to Marx's idea of class, the caste system has historically been the main means of social stratification in India. The lower castes have historically been subjugated by the upper castes, who have held political and economic authority. Marx's concept of class conflict is reflected in the sociaRead more
Similar to Marx’s idea of class, the caste system has historically been the main means of social stratification in India. The lower castes have historically been subjugated by the upper castes, who have held political and economic authority. Marx’s concept of class conflict is reflected in the social and economic differences that have resulted from this power mismatch. According to Marx’s dialectical materialism thesis, economic forces and class conflict do shape history. Despite having its roots in European industrial capitalism, this theory can be used to comprehend Indian social dynamics. However, the particular complexity of Indian society makes a direct application of Marx’s theory difficult. Besides the caste system does not alone determine social and economic consequences. There are other important elements as well, such as gender, geography, and religion. Furthermore, Marx’s paradigm may not adequately describe how India’s rich cultural and historical background has affected its social and economic growth. Although Marx’s theory offers a useful framework for examining Indian society, it is crucial to take into account the unique subtleties and complexity of the Indian setting. A more comprehensive comprehension necessitates the integration of alternative theoretical stances, such as those that prioritize cultural, religious, and historical elements.
See lessDistinguish between religiousness/religiosity and communalism giving one example of how the former has got transformed into the latter in independent India. (250 words) [UPSC 2017]
Religiousness or religiosity refers to a personal or communal commitment to and practice of a particular religion. It involves adhering to religious beliefs, rituals, and moral values. It is often seen as an individual or collective engagement in spiritual activities and devotion. Communalism, on thRead more
Religiousness or religiosity refers to a personal or communal commitment to and practice of a particular religion. It involves adhering to religious beliefs, rituals, and moral values. It is often seen as an individual or collective engagement in spiritual activities and devotion.
Communalism, on the other hand, denotes a political ideology or practice that seeks to promote the interests of a particular religious community over others, often leading to social division and conflict. It can manifest in the form of religious intolerance, inter-religious strife, and efforts to establish or maintain dominance of one religious group over others.
Distinction:
Example of Transformation:
In independent India, the communal tensions in regions like Gujarat provide a clear example of how religiosity can transform into communalism. The Gujarat riots of 2002 were triggered by a tragic event, the burning of a train carrying Hindu pilgrims, which led to widespread violence against Muslims in Gujarat. What began as religious fervor and identity-based group mobilization by certain factions turned into a communal conflict with devastating consequences.
Religious sentiments were manipulated for political gain, exacerbating divisions and leading to violence and discrimination against minority communities. This transition from religiousness, which involves personal devotion, to communalism, characterized by hostility and division, underscores the complex interplay between personal faith and political agendas in contemporary India.
See lessWhat are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence, addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (150 words) [UPSC 2017]
Since Independence, India has implemented several legal initiatives to address discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs). Two major initiatives are: The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA): This law aims to recognize and vest foreRead more
Since Independence, India has implemented several legal initiatives to address discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs). Two major initiatives are:
Both initiatives reflect India’s commitment to addressing historical injustices and promoting social and economic inclusion for Scheduled Tribes.
See lessGiven the right to education, is the government effectively fulfilling this need?
Research has shown that in a country like Mexico, one out of two teens won’t finish high school. In India, the number is a tiny bit lower but alarming, where one out of three students don’t complete their schooling. The constitution of India enforces the right to compulsory education for every studeRead more
Research has shown that in a country like Mexico, one out of two teens won’t finish high school. In India, the number is a tiny bit lower but alarming, where one out of three students don’t complete their schooling. The constitution of India enforces the right to compulsory education for every student between the age of 6-14. However, it has been observed that a large majority of the Indian population especially those below the poverty line do not have access to or are unable to make it to school.
This is primarily because no punishment has been prescribed for the parents who do not send their children to school and the indiscriminate employment of children in the unorganized sector.The government should enforce laws such as those deployed in the US, Canada, and other developed countries where parents can be summoned for their failure to admit children into educational institutions. Another contributory factor to children dropping out of government education institutions is that they are sub-par, unhygienic, and inadequately staffed. Stricter and more frequent audits of educational administrative bodies will help improve the condition of free basic education in India and be one of the contributing factors towards increasing attendance.
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