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Modern India

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Home/Modern India/Page 6

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Disha Srivastava
  • 1
Disha SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Discuss the Battle of Plassey and its long-term impact on the foundation of British colonial rule in India.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Mehak Mehara
    Mehak Mehara Begginer

    The Battle of Plassey: A Turning Point in Indian History Background: The Battle of Plassey, fought on June 23, 1757, was a pivotal event in the history of British colonialism in India. The battle was fought between the British East India Company (EIC) and the combined forces of Siraj-ud-Daula, the NRead more

    The Battle of Plassey: A Turning Point in Indian History

    Background: The Battle of Plassey, fought on June 23, 1757, was a pivotal event in the history of British colonialism in India. The battle was fought between the British East India Company (EIC) and the combined forces of Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, and Mir Jafar, a rival claimant to the throne.

    Significance of the Battle:

    • British Victory: The British emerged victorious, marking the first significant defeat of a major Indian power by the EIC.
    • Establishment of British Colonial Rule: The battle paved the way for the establishment of British colonial rule in India, which would last for over two centuries.
    • Breakdown of Mughal Empire: The Battle of Plassey led to the decline of the Mughal Empire, which had been weakened by internal conflicts and external pressures.

    Long-Term Consequences:

    • British East India Company’s Expansion: The victory at Plassey enabled the EIC to expand its territorial possessions and influence across India.
    • Subjugation of Indian Princes: The battle led to the subjugation of Indian princes and the consolidation of British power in the region.
    • Economic Consequences: The British colonial rule had significant economic consequences, including the exploitation of Indian resources, imposition of taxes, and promotion of British trade and commerce.
    • Social and Cultural Changes: The colonial rule also brought about significant social and cultural changes, including the introduction of European customs, language, and education systems.

    Recent Examples:

    • The 2015 Bihar Elections: The 2015 Bihar elections saw a significant rise in communal polarization and Hindu-Muslim tensions, which can be traced back to the legacy of British colonial rule.
    • The 2019 Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act: The Act’s attempt to reorganize Jammu and Kashmir as a union territory has been criticized for its potential to alter the region’s demographic balance and historical identity, reflecting the ongoing consequences of British colonial rule.
    • The Indian Economy: The Indian economy continues to face challenges related to colonial-era legacies, including issues with taxation, infrastructure development, and economic inequality.

    Key Points:

    • Battle of Plassey was a Pivotal Event: The Battle of Plassey was a turning point in Indian history, marking the beginning of British colonial rule in India.
    • Long-Term Consequences are Still Felt Today: The consequences of British colonial rule continue to shape India’s politics, economy, and society today.
    • Understanding Colonial History is Crucial: It is essential to understand the complex history of colonialism in India to address contemporary issues and challenges.
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Disha Srivastava
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Disha SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
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Assess the Permanent Settlement system’s impact on the agrarian structure, as well as its role in the formation of a new landed gentry.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Mehak Mehara
    Mehak Mehara Begginer

    The Permanent Settlement System: A Legacy of Colonialism Definition: The Permanent Settlement system was a colonial-era policy introduced by the British East India Company in 1793 to reform the revenue administration of the Bengal region. The system aimed to stabilize the revenue system, promote agrRead more

    The Permanent Settlement System: A Legacy of Colonialism

    Definition: The Permanent Settlement system was a colonial-era policy introduced by the British East India Company in 1793 to reform the revenue administration of the Bengal region. The system aimed to stabilize the revenue system, promote agriculture, and reduce British interference in local governance.

    Impact on Agrarian Structure:

    • Tenant-Proprietor Relationship: The Permanent Settlement system created a new relationship between tenants and proprietors, where tenants became liable to pay a fixed amount of rent to the landlords, regardless of crop yields or market conditions.
    • Agricultural Productivity: The system’s emphasis on fixed rents and stable landholdings encouraged long-term investments in agriculture, leading to increased productivity and efficiency.
    • Land Concentration: The Permanent Settlement system facilitated the concentration of land ownership among the existing landlord class, as they were able to consolidate their holdings and expand their control over the land.

    Role in Emergence of a New Landed Gentry:

    • Creation of a New Class: The Permanent Settlement system created a new class of landed gentry, comprising wealthy landlords who controlled large tracts of land and exploited their tenants.
    • Economic Power: The landlords’ economic power was further solidified by their control over the revenue collection process, which enabled them to accumulate wealth and influence.
    • Social Hierarchy: The Permanent Settlement system reinforced the existing social hierarchy, with the landlords occupying the top echelons and the peasants and artisans forming the lower strata.

    Recent Examples:

    • Farmers’ Agitations: The ongoing farmer’s agitations in India, particularly in states like Punjab and Haryana, highlight the ongoing struggles faced by farmers and agricultural workers due to the legacy of the Permanent Settlement system.
    • Land Acquisition Disputes: Recent disputes over land acquisition for infrastructure projects, such as highways and industrial corridors, have revealed ongoing tensions between landowners and governments over issues related to compensation and rehabilitation.

    Key Points:

    • Colonial Legacy: The Permanent Settlement system was a colonial legacy that continues to shape India’s agrarian structure and social hierarchy.
    • Concentration of Power: The system’s emphasis on land concentration and the creation of a new class of landed gentry has led to the concentration of power and wealth among a select few.
    • Social Justice: The ongoing struggles faced by farmers and agricultural workers highlight the need for social justice and equitable policies to address the legacy of colonialism.
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Disha Srivastava
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Disha SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the influence of social and religious reform movements, such as the Bengal Renaissance, on the intellectual landscape of nineteenth-century India.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    The Bengal Renaissance and the Intellectual Landscape of 19th-century India The Bengal Renaissance: The Bengal Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Bengal, India. It was characterized by a renewed interest in Indian culture, lRead more

    The Bengal Renaissance and the Intellectual Landscape of 19th-century India

    The Bengal Renaissance:

    The Bengal Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Bengal, India. It was characterized by a renewed interest in Indian culture, language, and philosophy, as well as a desire to modernize and Westernize Indian society.

    Key Figures:

    1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy: A pioneer of the Bengal Renaissance, Roy was a key figure in the Hindu reform movement and the establishment of the Brahmo Samaj.
    2. Isaac Milton: A Christian missionary and scholar, Milton was instrumental in translating Indian texts into English and promoting Western education in India.
    3. Henry Derozio: A Portuguese-Indian scholar and educator, Derozio was a key figure in the establishment of the Hindu College and the promotion of Western education in India.

    Key Movements:

    1. Hindu Reform Movement: The Hindu Reform Movement aimed to modernize and Westernize Indian society, while also promoting a more liberal and tolerant interpretation of Hinduism.
    2. Brahmo Samaj: Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the Brahmo Samaj was a religious movement that aimed to reform Hinduism and promote a more rational and scientific approach to spirituality.
    3. Christian Missionaries: Christian missionaries played a significant role in promoting Western education and values in India, while also converting many Indians to Christianity.

    Impact on Intellectual Landscape:

    1. Promotion of Education: The Bengal Renaissance led to the establishment of educational institutions, such as the Hindu College, which promoted Western education and values in India.
    2. Promotion of Indian Culture: The Bengal Renaissance also led to a renewed interest in Indian culture, language, and philosophy, which helped to preserve Indian cultural heritage.
    3. Fusion of Eastern and Western Thought: The Bengal Renaissance saw the fusion of Eastern and Western thought, with Indian scholars incorporating Western ideas and methods into their own work.
    4. Development of Modern Indian Literature: The Bengal Renaissance also saw the development of modern Indian literature, with writers such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Rabindranath Tagore making significant contributions.
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Disha Srivastava
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Disha SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the circumstances that contributed to the foundation of the Indian National Congress, as well as its early emphasis on self-government.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    The Formation of the Indian National Congress: The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 in Bombay (now Mumbai) by a group of Indian intellectuals and British administrators who were concerned about the growing discontent among Indians towards British colonial rule. The Congress was initiallyRead more

    The Formation of the Indian National Congress:

    The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 in Bombay (now Mumbai) by a group of Indian intellectuals and British administrators who were concerned about the growing discontent among Indians towards British colonial rule. The Congress was initially conceived as a platform to promote unity and cooperation among Indians, as well as to present their grievances to the British government.

    Key Factors that Led to the Formation:

    1. The Ilbert Bill Controversy: The Ilbert Bill, which aimed to give Indian judges the power to try British subjects in India, sparked widespread protests and boycotts among Indians. This led to a growing sense of discontent and frustration among Indians, which ultimately contributed to the formation of the Congress.
    2. The Rise of Nationalist Sentiment: The mid-19th century saw a growing nationalist sentiment in India, with many Indians seeking greater autonomy and self-governance from British colonial rule.
    3. The Role of British Administrators: British administrators such as Lord Ripon, who served as the Viceroy of India from 1880 to 1884, played a significant role in promoting the idea of self-governance and encouraging Indian participation in the government.
    4. The Influence of Western Education: Western education, which had been introduced by the British in India, had a profound impact on Indian society. Many Indians who had received Western education became increasingly aware of their rights and began to demand greater autonomy and self-governance.

    Early Focus on Achieving Self-Governance:

    1. The First Session: The first session of the Indian National Congress, held in 1885, focused on the issue of self-governance and the need for greater Indian participation in the government.
    2. The Demand for Representation: The Congress demanded greater representation for Indians in the British Parliament and greater autonomy for Indians in the governance of India.
    3. The Use of Constitutional Methods: The Congress opted for constitutional methods, such as petitions, protests, and boycotts, rather than violent revolution or armed resistance.
    4. The Role of Leaders: Leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, and Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee played a significant role in shaping the early focus of the Congress on achieving self-governance.

    Key Points:

    • The Formation of the Indian National Congress was a Response to Growing Discontent: The formation of the Indian National Congress was a response to growing discontent among Indians towards British colonial rule.
    • The Early Focus on Self-Governance was a Key Aspect: The early focus on achieving self-governance was a key aspect of the Congress’s formation and its early years.
    • Constitutional Methods were Preferred: The Congress preferred constitutional methods, such as petitions, protests, and boycotts, rather than violent revolution or armed resistance.
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Disha Srivastava
  • 1
Disha SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Discuss the Doctrine of Lapse and how it was used by the British to capture princely kingdoms.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Mehak Mehara
    Mehak Mehara Begginer

    The Doctrine of Lapse: A Tool for Annexation Definition: The Doctrine of Lapse was a British policy that allowed the British East India Company to annex Indian princely states that were facing financial difficulties or were unable to maintain their own armies. Significance: Conquest of Princely StatRead more

    The Doctrine of Lapse: A Tool for Annexation

    Definition: The Doctrine of Lapse was a British policy that allowed the British East India Company to annex Indian princely states that were facing financial difficulties or were unable to maintain their own armies.

    Significance:

    • Conquest of Princely States: The Doctrine of Lapse enabled the British to annex over 150 princely states, expanding their territorial control over India.
    • Weakening of Indian Kingdoms: The policy weakened the Indian kingdoms by limiting their ability to maintain their own armies and economies, making them vulnerable to British conquest.
    • Expansion of British Power: The Doctrine of Lapse contributed to the expansion of British power and influence in India, solidifying their position as the dominant colonial power.

    Application in Annexation:

    • Financial Crisis: The British would use the doctrine to annex states that were facing financial difficulties, claiming that they were unable to manage their finances effectively.
    • Absence of Successor: The doctrine would also be applied if there was no clear successor to a ruler, allowing the British to claim the state as their own.
    • Military Intervention: In cases where the state was unable to maintain its own army, the British would use military intervention to annex the state.

    Recent Examples:

    • The Annexation of Hyderabad: The British annexed the princely state of Hyderabad in 1948, using the Doctrine of Lapse as a pretext. The state was merged into the Indian Union after a military operation.
    • The Annexation of Kashmir: The British also annexed Kashmir in 1846, using the doctrine to justify their action. The state was later partitioned between India and Pakistan.

    Key Points:

    • British Imperialism: The Doctrine of Lapse was a tool used by the British East India Company to expand their territorial control over India and assert their dominance over Indian kingdoms.
    • Impact on Indian History: The doctrine had a significant impact on Indian history, contributing to the weakening of Indian kingdoms and paving the way for British colonial rule.
    • Continuing Legacy: The legacy of the Doctrine of Lapse continues to be felt in India today, with many princely states still maintaining their own identities and cultural traditions.
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Laila Mehta
  • 1
Laila MehtaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the elements that influenced the emergence of nationalist sentiment and the early expressions of the Indian independence movement.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Abhar Indorkar
    Abhar Indorkar

    Indian Independence movement began to take shape in its nascent form during the early part of the 18th and 19th centuries before developing into a mass movement in the 20th century. Factors for rise of national sentiment and early manifestation of Indian Independence movement includes: Political disRead more

    Indian Independence movement began to take shape in its nascent form during the early part of the 18th and 19th centuries before developing into a mass movement in the 20th century.

    Factors for rise of national sentiment and early manifestation of Indian Independence movement includes:

    1. Political disintegration: British policies such as Doctrine of Lapse displaced the local rulers and disturbed political loyalties and alliances. This created distrust and disaffection towards the British.
    2. Social disharmony: The indiscriminate destruction of the Indian justice systems and perpetuating decay of religious systems led to destruction of social fabric.
    3. Economic distress: The agriculture productivity decreased and exploitative revenue and taxation policies of the colonisers impoverished the agriculturalists.
    4. Cultural alienation: English language was promoted in education and employment replacing local languages which led to loss of indigenous knowledge systems and cultural identities.
    5. Influential leaders: Leaders such as Raja Rammohun Roy, Maharani Laxmi Bai, Tantya Tope, etc. emerged on to the national scene to awaken the conscience of the Indian people.
    6. Inspiration from abroad: The French Revolution and European Revolutions of 1848, inspired generation of people to struggle for their rights. Also, the rise of Japan gave confidence to Indians.
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Laila Mehta
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Laila MehtaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Discuss the reasons and implications of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, as well as its significance as a watershed moment in British India’s history.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857: A Turning Point in British India Causes: The Use of Greased Cartridges: The introduction of the Enfield rifle, which required sepoys to bite the end of the cartridge to open it, led to resentment among Indian troops who were forced to use cartridges lubricated with pig fatRead more

    The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857: A Turning Point in British India

    Causes:

    1. The Use of Greased Cartridges: The introduction of the Enfield rifle, which required sepoys to bite the end of the cartridge to open it, led to resentment among Indian troops who were forced to use cartridges lubricated with pig fat and cow fat.
    2. Colonialism and Imperialism: The British colonial rule in India was based on the principles of exploitation and domination, which created deep-seated resentment among Indian populations.
    3. Economic Dislocation: The British colonial rule had led to economic dislocation and disruption of traditional Indian economic systems, causing widespread poverty and unemployment.
    4. Cultural Disintegration: The British colonial rule had also led to the disintegration of Indian culture and tradition, as the British imposed their own customs and values on Indian society.

    Consequences:

    1. British Rule in India: The Sepoy Mutiny led to the British East India Company’s loss of control over India, and the British Crown took direct control over the administration of India.
    2. The British Raj: The British Raj, which lasted until 1947, was established as a direct result of the Sepoy Mutiny.
    3. Colonial Rule: The Sepoy Mutiny marked the beginning of a period of direct colonial rule by the British, which was characterized by increased exploitation and oppression of Indian populations.
    4. Modernization and Development: The British colonial rule brought about modernization and development in India, including the establishment of railways, telegraphs, and educational institutions.
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Aastha Kapoor
  • 1
Aastha KapoorBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Analyze how the Revolt of 1857 affected the political and administrative restructuring of Indian British colonial rule.

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Mehak Mehara
    Mehak Mehara Begginer

    The Impact of the Revolt of 1857: A Turning Point in British Colonial Rule Introduction: The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was a significant event in Indian history that had far-reaching consequences for the administrative and political reorganization of British colonial rule in InRead more

    The Impact of the Revolt of 1857: A Turning Point in British Colonial Rule

    Introduction: The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was a significant event in Indian history that had far-reaching consequences for the administrative and political reorganization of British colonial rule in India.

    Administrative Reorganization:

    • The Government of India Act, 1858: The revolt led to the establishment of the Government of India Act, 1858, which replaced the East India Company’s rule with the British Crown’s direct rule over India.
    • The Viceroy’s Council: The Act also established the Viceroy’s Council, which consisted of British officials and was responsible for making decisions on behalf of the British government.
    • Provincial Administration: The provinces of India were reorganized into smaller units, with each province having a governor and a council to assist him.

    Political Reorganization:

    • The British Raj: The revolt marked the beginning of the British Raj, which lasted until India gained independence in 1947.
    • The Queen’s Proclamation: The British Queen issued a proclamation in 1858, which promised to respect Indian culture, traditions, and institutions, while also introducing British laws and institutions.
    • The Indian Councils Acts: The Indian Councils Acts of 1861 and 1892 introduced elected representatives from India to the councils, which further increased British control over Indian affairs.

    Recent Examples:

    • The 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA): The CAA, which was passed by the Indian Parliament in 2019, has been seen as a response to the growing concerns about the impact of colonialism on India’s identity and sovereignty.
    • The 2020 National Education Policy (NEP): The NEP, which was announced in 2020, aims to promote Indian knowledge systems and cultural heritage, while also integrating Indian values with modern education.

    Key Points:

    • The Revolt of 1857 was a turning point in British colonial rule: The revolt marked a significant shift in the nature of British colonial rule in India, from a company-led administration to a Crown-controlled government.
    • Administrative and political reorganization: The revolt led to significant changes in the administrative and political structures of British colonial rule in India.
    • Impact on Indian society: The revolt had a profound impact on Indian society, leading to changes in social dynamics, cultural identity, and economic relationships.
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Meghalina Chakraborty
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Meghalina ChakrabortyLearner
Asked: July 20, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
  • 1

Analyze the challenges India faces in balancing its desire for strategic autonomy with the need for global cooperation on issues like climate change, trade, and terrorism.

developmentforeign policyglobal leaderindiainternational relations
  1. utteja shree
    utteja shree Begginer

    As India's role in the global order grows, it faces several challenges and opportunities in balancing its strategic autonomy with global cooperation. Challenges: 1. Climate Change: India needs to balance economic growth with reducing carbon emissions. This is hard because India relies on coal for enRead more

    As India’s role in the global order grows, it faces several challenges and opportunities in balancing its strategic autonomy with global cooperation.

    Challenges:

    1. Climate Change: India needs to balance economic growth with reducing carbon emissions. This is hard because India relies on coal for energy, which conflicts with global climate goals.

    2. Trade Policies: Protecting local industries while participating in global trade is tricky. India’s trade policies sometimes clash with international free trade standards.

    3. Terrorism: India must work with other countries to combat terrorism. Sharing intelligence and resources is essential, but India also needs to maintain its security independence.

     Opportunities:

    1. Global Leadership: India can lead on issues like climate change and sustainable development, influencing global policies while protecting its interests.

    2. Economic Growth: Engaging in global trade and investment can boost India’s economy, creating jobs and driving innovation.

    3. Diplomatic Influence: By strengthening ties with various countries, India can enhance its diplomatic influence and navigate complex international relations.

    In summary, India must balance its desire for strategic autonomy with the need for global cooperation by leveraging its growing influence, participating actively in international forums, and implementing smart domestic policies.

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Kabir Kazmi
  • 1
Kabir KazmiBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the British reaction to the escalating nationalist movement, including the implementation of repressive measures and reforming initiatives.

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Pritma Sharma
    Pritma Sharma Begginer

    British Response to the Growing Nationalist Movement: A Review Introduction: The British response to the growing nationalist movement in India was a combination of reformist policies and methods of repression. The British government aimed to pacify the nationalist movement and maintain their coloniaRead more

    British Response to the Growing Nationalist Movement: A Review

    Introduction:

    The British response to the growing nationalist movement in India was a combination of reformist policies and methods of repression. The British government aimed to pacify the nationalist movement and maintain their colonial control over India.

    Reformist Policies:

    The British government introduced various reformist policies to address the grievances of the Indian people and pacify the nationalist movement. These included:

    • Indian Councils Act (1861): Established the Indian Council, which allowed for Indian representation in the government.
    • Government of India Act (1915): Created a more representative government in India, with Indian members in the Central Legislative Assembly.
    • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1917): Introduced further reforms, including the creation of an Indian Council and the expansion of Indian representation in the government.

    Methods of Repression:

    The British government also employed various methods of repression to crush the nationalist movement. These included:

    • Arrests and Imprisonment: Thousands of nationalist leaders were arrested and imprisoned, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose.
    • Lathi Charge: British police used batons to disperse crowds and quell protests.
    • Indefinite Detention: Nationalist leaders were held in indefinite detention without trial.
    • Censorship: The British government imposed strict censorship on the press, restricting freedom of speech.

    Recent Examples:

    • Operation Blue Star (1984): The Indian Army’s military operation in Amritsar’s Golden Temple complex, which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Sikhs and damaged the temple.
    • Tehelka Scandal (2001): A sting operation by Tehelka magazine exposed widespread corruption among Indian politicians and bureaucrats.
    • 2013 Anti-Terrorism Act: The Indian government introduced an anti-terrorism act, which allowed for indefinite detention and torture of suspects.
    See less
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