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Modern India

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Home/Modern India/Page 46

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

ZeroCubic
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ZeroCubicBegginer
Asked: August 3, 2024In: , , , ,
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What is the impact of foreign investment on Indian Economy

  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    Foreign investment is one of the vital factors in the Indian economy and seems to be an input to develop and grow the economy in general. It is quite much required for bringing in the cash flow to the sectors of manufacturing, technology, and infrastructure. FDI is considered the gateway for transfeRead more

    Foreign investment is one of the vital factors in the Indian economy and seems to be an input to develop and grow the economy in general. It is quite much required for bringing in the cash flow to the sectors of manufacturing, technology, and infrastructure. FDI is considered the gateway for transferring the technologies, skills, and management systems directly or indirectly leading to productivity improvement and efficiency improvement. There is employment generation followed by skill development in such cases.

    Foreign investment increases the foreign exchange reserves in India and later manages stability in the currency with less dependency on external borrowing. Competition leads to better quality products and services for consumers. It also brings into the fold of global supply chains and creates opportunities for export.

    Thus, problems arise. One is that too much foreign capital dependency makes the economy susceptible to external shocks. The other is that, in certain sectors showing obvious foreign dominance, questions about national interest and national security may raise their heads. In addition, foreign enterprises’ profit repatriation limits the reinvestment of domestically earned income.

    Foreign investment is playing a very important role in keeping the economy of India going, but these investments have to be balanced with perfectly intelligent policies to derive maximum benefits while decreasing any risks involved.

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ZeroCubic
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ZeroCubicBegginer
Asked: August 3, 2024In: , , , ,
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What is the impact of foreign investment on Indian Economy

  1. Dr sangeeta Singh
    Dr sangeeta Singh Learner

    Foreign investment has significantly impacted the Indian economy, contributing to its growth, development, and global integration. *Positive Impacts:* 1. Capital Inflow: Foreign investment brings in much-needed capital, bridging the gap between savings and investments. 2. Technology Transfer: ForeigRead more

    Foreign investment has significantly impacted the Indian economy, contributing to its growth, development, and global integration.

    *Positive Impacts:*

    1. Capital Inflow: Foreign investment brings in much-needed capital, bridging the gap between savings and investments.
    2. Technology Transfer: Foreign companies introduce new technologies, improving productivity and competitiveness.
    3. Employment Generation: Foreign investment creates jobs, both directly and indirectly.
    4. Infrastructure Development: Foreign investment helps develop infrastructure, such as roads, ports, and airports.
    5. Global Integration: Foreign investment integrates India into the global economy, increasing trade and economic cooperation.
    6. Enhanced Competitiveness: Foreign investment promotes competition, driving domestic companies to innovate and improve.

    *Negative Impacts:*

    1. Dependence on Foreign Capital: Over-reliance on foreign investment can make India vulnerable to global economic fluctuations.
    2. Risk of Capital Flight: Foreign investors may withdraw capital quickly, causing economic instability.
    3. Cultural and Social Impacts: Foreign investment can lead to cultural homogenization and social disruption.
    4. Environmental Concerns: Foreign companies may prioritize profits over environmental and social responsibility.
    5. Inequality: Foreign investment can exacerbate income inequality, benefiting select groups rather than the broader population.

    *Types of Foreign Investment:*

    1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
    2. Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)
    3. Foreign Institutional Investment (FII)

    *Sectors Attracting Foreign Investment:*

    1. Services (IT, finance, etc.)
    2. Manufacturing (automotive, pharmaceuticals, etc.)
    3. Infrastructure (real estate, energy, etc.)
    4. Telecommunications
    5. E-commerce

    *Indian Government Initiatives:*

    1. Make in India
    2. Digital India
    3. Startup India
    4. Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB)
    5. Liberalized FDI policies

    *Statistics:*

    1. India received $73.4 billion in FDI in 2020-21 (Source: RBI)
    2. FDI equity inflows grew 23% in 2020-21 (Source: DPIIT)

    Overall, foreign investment has played a crucial role in India’s economic growth, but it’s essential to address the negative impacts and ensure responsible investment practices.

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Richa
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RichaBegginer
Asked: August 11, 2024In:
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india's position in olympicsoympics 2024sports
  1. Ela Bhadoria
    Ela Bhadoria Begginer

    India's position in the Olympics has evolved significantly over the years, reflecting both the growth of its sports infrastructure and the increasing participation of its athletes on the global stage. Here's an overview of India's position in the Olympics: Historical Context Early Participation: IndRead more

    India’s position in the Olympics has evolved significantly over the years, reflecting both the growth of its sports infrastructure and the increasing participation of its athletes on the global stage. Here’s an overview of India’s position in the Olympics:

    Historical Context
    Early Participation: India first participated in the Olympics in 1900, but it was not until 1920 that it competed as an independent team. The country has been represented in most Summer Olympic Games since then, with its participation becoming more consistent over time.

    First Medals: India won its first Olympic medals in 1928, when the men’s hockey team, led by Dhyan Chand, won gold at the Amsterdam Games. Hockey became a dominant sport for India, with the country winning several gold medals in the sport in the 1920s and 1930s.

    Performance Trends
    Pre-Independence Era: India’s Olympic successes were primarily in field hockey, with the team winning six gold medals (1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, and 1956). The dominance in hockey established India as a major force in the early years of the Olympics.

    Post-Independence: After the early successes in hockey, India’s Olympic performance became more varied. The country started to participate in a wider range of sports, and individual achievements began to emerge.

    Recent Achievements: In recent decades, India’s performance has diversified across various sports. Notable achievements include:

    Abhinav Bindra: India won its first individual gold medal in shooting at the Beijing 2008 Olympics, with Abhinav Bindra’s victory in the 10m air rifle event.
    Sushil Kumar: Kumar won silver in wrestling at the Beijing 2008 Olympics and bronze at the London 2012 Olympics, making him one of India’s most successful Olympians in recent years.
    PV Sindhu: In badminton, PV Sindhu won silver at the Rio 2016 Olympics and bronze at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, becoming one of the country’s top athletes.
    Medals and Rankings
    Medal Counts: As of the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, India has won a total of 35 Olympic medals, including 10 golds, 9 silvers, and 16 bronzes. The country has generally been ranked between 50th and 100th in the medal tally in recent Games.

    Tokyo 2020 Performance: India had its best performance at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics (held in 2021 due to the pandemic) with a total of 7 medals (1 gold, 2 silver, and 4 bronze), surpassing its previous best of 6 medals at the London 2012 Olympics.

    Factors Influencing Performance
    Sports Infrastructure: The development of sports infrastructure and facilities in India has been a key factor in improving performance. Investment in training centers, coaching, and support for athletes has gradually increased.

    Government Initiatives: Various government schemes and programs, such as the Khelo India program and the National Sports Development Fund, aim to promote sports and provide support to athletes.

    Athlete Support: There has been a growing focus on supporting athletes through sponsorships, scholarships, and specialized training. Success stories of athletes from diverse backgrounds have inspired others and increased interest in sports.

    Future Prospects
    Potential for Growth: With ongoing investments in sports infrastructure and increased support for athletes, India’s performance in the Olympics is expected to continue improving. Young talents in sports like athletics, wrestling, boxing, and badminton show promise for future success.

    Focus Areas: Continued emphasis on grassroots development, enhanced training facilities, and better coaching will be crucial for improving India’s Olympic performance.

    In summary, India’s position in the Olympics has evolved from a strong start in hockey to a more diversified and competitive presence across various sports. The country is making strides in improving its performance and aiming for greater success in future Games.

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Richa
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RichaBegginer
Asked: August 11, 2024In: , , , ,
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foreign policyinternational relationspost independence india
  1. V
    V

    India after its independence in 1947 had a broad foreign policy orientation till the end of 1980's by being 'Non Aligned' which meant not to be either aligned or against any superpower and maintaining strategic confrontation with both the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. although being ambivalent towards theRead more

    India after its independence in 1947 had a broad foreign policy orientation till the end of 1980’s by being ‘Non Aligned’ which meant not to be either aligned or against any superpower and maintaining strategic confrontation with both the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. although being ambivalent towards the global ideology till cold war. Further India strongly walked on the principles of anti- imperialism, anti- racism, anti- colonialism and focused on peaceful coexistence (panchsheel) and global stability.

    With the rise of globalisation in the 1980’s during Rajiv Gandhi’s era, India walked into the path of pro liberalisation and capitalism by adopting an open market economy and strengthening ties with the western powers. With the launch of “Look East” policy, India turned into a big-power in the South Asian region, forming regional organisation (allies). With this India adopted the policy of “Multi Alignment” or “Strategic Autonomy” which is an extension of “Non Alignment”, this continues till present. India thus finds itself to be “viswa guru” by maintaining friendly ties with all the countries.

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Om Patkar
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Om PatkarBegginer
Asked: August 13, 2024In: ,
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What are the ethical implications of AI algorithms making decisions in healthcare?

infornation technology
  1. Om Patkar
    Om Patkar Begginer

    What are the ethical implications of AI algorithms making decisions in healthcare?

    What are the ethical implications of AI algorithms making decisions in healthcare?

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anam
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anamBegginer
Asked: August 29, 2024In:
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Portuguse had the longest influence on India as compated to other European powers. What were the major contributions made by the Portuguese during their colonial rule in India?

historyquestionquestions
  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    The Portuguese governed India for 463 years after the discovery by Vasco da Gama in 1498 till the colonial officials liberate Goa from the rule of Portugal in 1961. Their rule influenced the realm of politics in addition to the cultural fields and economy and social systems of India. Political ContrRead more

    The Portuguese governed India for 463 years after the discovery by Vasco da Gama in 1498 till the colonial officials liberate Goa from the rule of Portugal in 1961. Their rule influenced the realm of politics in addition to the cultural fields and economy and social systems of India.

    Political Contributions

    1. Sea Supremacy: The Portuguese came to be in charge of Indian ports when they established their first maritime European empire as part of their control of Goa, Daman and Diu.
    2. Incorporation of Fortification: The Portuguese erected defensive forts like Fort Aguada in Goa to influence the development of coastal defense technique in India.

    Cultural and Religious Contributions

    1. Christianity: The Portuguese, through their Christian missionary missions, built several churches; one of which is the Basilica of Bom Jesus, found in Goa.
    2. Art and Architecture: During their administration, they synthesized Indian and Portuguese artistic styles which culminated into some remarkable visual effects both in religious as well as in residential constructions.
    Economic Contributions

    1. Spices and Trade: Through their monopoly of trade the Portuguese had a monopoly over spices and. File Input Stream the introduction of critical crops in India, cashew and tobacco and pineapple.
    2. Minting Coins: Under the Portuguese they issued an escudo among other currency to have gold coins that facilitated trade.
    Social Contributions

    1. Printing Press: The first Indian printing press was brought by the Portuguese in 1556 that enabled greater dissemination of literature along with religious texts.
    2. Cuisine: Indian cuisine gained vinegar and vindaloo and bread-making techniques after the Portuguese occupation of Indian soil.

    Though exploitation was the hallmark of their regime, these cultural and economic developments will forever mold India’s cultural structure and economic base.

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Prakher Singh
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Prakher SinghBegginer
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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List the factors that contributed to the Permanent Settlement system’s creation. Talk about the repercussions as well. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Sujata Gautam
    Sujata Gautam Begginer

    Answer: The Permanent Settlement was a land revenue system introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Under this system, the company's share in the revenue was fixed permanently with the Zamindars who were made hereditary owners of the lands under their possession. Reasons beRead more

    Answer: The Permanent Settlement was a land revenue system introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Under this system, the company’s share in the revenue was fixed permanently with the Zamindars who were made hereditary owners of the lands under their possession. Reasons behind introduction of the Permanent Settlement System:

    • To develop a class of landlords who were loyal to British interests.
    • It was hoped that the system would end corruption as the officials would not be able to alter assessment at will.
    • It was meant to ensure ease in administration on part of the Company as the burden of revenue collection was given to the intermediaries or Zamindars.
    • To ensure a fixed and stable income for the company and save the government from the expenses on making periodical assessments and settlements.
    • It was expected that property ownership would induce Zamindars to make larger capital investments in agriculture. Cornwallis thought that the company could increase its revenue by taxing trade and commerce.

    However, the introduction of the permanent settlement system had far-reaching consequences:

    • Exploitation of peasants: Peasants suffered from the double injustice of surrendering their property rights and being left entirely at the mercy of Zamindars who extracted exorbitant taxes, much higher than the official tax rate.
    • Decline in agricultural productivity: Zamindars had their focus on collection of maximum revenue and took little interest in the development of agriculture.
    • Rise in absentee landlordism: Under it, new moneyed men from Calcutta with no local connections bought lands when Zamindars struggled to meet revenue obligations. The new landlords were often absentees from their lands, and generated resentment among the farmers.
    • Increase in social inequality: This system strengthened feudalism in upper sections and slavery in lower sections of society. Absentee landlordism drained out the wealth produced in the countryside to the urban centres, leaving the peasants in miserable condition.
    • Commercialization of agriculture: It led to commercialisation of land that previously did not exist in Bengal coercing the local agriculturalists to cultivate cash crops such as cotton, indigo, and jute.

    Permanent settlement did more harm than good to Indian agriculture. It led to impoverishment of the peasantry and rural indebtedness and eventually became one of the contributing factors of agricultural crises including famines in and around Bengal.

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Bhavesh singh
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Bhavesh singhBegginer
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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Describe how the East India Company’s ties to the British government changed between 1765 and 1833.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Rohini Singh
    Rohini Singh Begginer

    Answer: In the period of dual government i.e., 1765-1772, the Indian officials under the overall control of the British governor and British officials had 'responsibility but no power' while the company officials had 'power but no responsibility'. This presented problems of exploitation of powersRead more

    Answer: In the period of dual government i.e., 1765-1772, the Indian officials under the overall control of the British governor and British officials had ‘responsibility but no power’ while the company officials had ‘power but no responsibility’. This presented problems of exploitation of powers & rampant corruption and also attracted the jealousy of other sections of British society, especially politicians and merchants who wanted to be a part of the huge profit being generated in India. The question of the nature of relations between the East India Company (EIC) and its possessions with the government in Britain was therefore subsequently settled through incremental acts & regulations, such as: Regulating Act, 1773:

    • It recognised, for the first time, the political and administrative functions of the Company.
    • It strengthened the control of the British Government over the Company by requiring the Court of Directors (governing body of the Company) to report on its revenue, civil, and military affairs in India.
    • The Governor of Bengal was made the Governor-General of Bengal and the governors of Madras and Bombay were made subordinate to him.
    • It prohibited the servants of the Company from engaging in any private trade or accepting presents or bribes from the natives.

    Pitt’s India Act, 1784:

    • It distinguished between the commercial and political functions of the Company and for the first time the company’s territories in India were identified as British possessions.
    • It allowed the Court of Directors (EIC representative) to manage the commercial affairs but created a new body called Board of Control (represented by the British government) to manage the political affairs. Thus, it established a system of double government or Dual Control.
    • It empowered the Board of Control to supervise and direct all operations of the civil and military government or revenues of the British possessions in India.

    Charter Act, 1793:

    • It was aimed at reviewing the Charter granted to EIC by the Regulating Act of 1773.
    • It continued the trade monopoly of EIC for another 20 years, however, the Company was asked to pay 5 lakh pounds annually from the Indian revenues to the British government (after paying its necessary expenses).
    • It separated revenue administration and judicial functions of the Company and hence led to the disappearance of Maal Adalats (revenue courts).
    • Senior officials of the Company were debarred from leaving India without permission.
    • It laid down that the members of the Board of Control and their staff were to be paid out of the Indian revenues. This practice continued till 1919 and was one of the major reasons behind the drain of wealth.

    Charter Act, 1813: The company’s rule was extended to another 20 years. However, their trade monopoly was ended except for the trade in tea, opium, and with China. Charter Act, 1813:

    • This Act was the final step towards centralization of India’s administration.
    • It ended all commercial activities of the EIC including monopoly over trade with China and in tea.
    • The post of the Governor-General of India was created and he was entrusted with legislative power over the entire British India. All revenues were raised under his authority and he had complete control over the expenditure too. Now, the power to superintend, control and direct all civil and military affairs of the Company was under him.

    Thus, various acts of the Parliament completely subordinated the company and its Indian administration to the British Government. This allowed the British to create a new system of administration to serve their purposes.

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Nandani Naina
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Nandani NainaBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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The several uprisings that occurred before to 1857 were a sign of the growing discontent with British rule and their policies in India. Talk about it. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Rajesh Meena
    Rajesh Meena Begginer

    The colonial law and judiciary safeguarded the interest of the government and its collaborators- landlords, merchants, and moneylenders. Thus, the people left with no options, chose to take up arms and defend themselves. Similarly, the conditions of the tribal people were not different, the encroachRead more

    The colonial law and judiciary safeguarded the interest of the government and its collaborators- landlords, merchants, and moneylenders. Thus, the people left with no options, chose to take up arms and defend themselves. Similarly, the conditions of the tribal people were not different, the encroachment by outsiders into their independent tribal polity made them more aggrieved and violent.

    Major civil uprisings before 1857 include:

    • Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800): The disastrous famine of 1770 due to the harsh economic order of the British compelled a group of Sanyasis in Eastern India to fight the British.
    • Midnapore and Dhalbhum revolt (1766-74): The English took hold of Midnapore in 1760 and at that time there were about 3,000 zamindars and talukdars having cordial relations with their ryots. However, this harmonious scenario changed after the introduction of a new land revenue system by the English in 1772 and fuelled the discontent against the British.
    • Poligars’ revolt (1795-1805): The problem started in 1781, when the Nawab of Arcot gave the management and control of Tinneveli and the Carnatic Provinces to the East India Company. This arrangement caused resentment among the poligars who had, for long, considered themselves as independent sovereign authorities within their respective territories.
    • Paika rebellion (1817): The Paiks of Odisha were the traditional landed militia and enjoyed rent-free land tenures for their military service and policing functions on a hereditary basis. The English Company’s conquest of Odisha in 1803, and the dethronement of the Raja of Khurda had greatly reduced the power and prestige of the Paiks.

    Major tribal and religious uprisings before 1857 include:

    • Narkelberia uprising: Mir Nithar Ali (1782-1831) or Titu Mir inspired the Muslim tenants in West Bengal to rise against landlords, mainly Hindu, who imposed a beard-tax on the Faraizis and British indigo planters. The revolt later merged into the Wahabi Movement.
    • Faraizi revolt: The Faraizis were the followers of a Muslim sect founded by Haji Shariatullah of Faridpur in Eastern Bengal. They advocated radical religious, social, and political changes. Shariatullah and his son Muhsinuddin Ahmad, popularly known as Dudu Miyan (1819-62) organised their followers with an aim to expel the English intruders from Bengal.
    • Kol mutiny (1831): The trouble in 1831 started with large-scale transfers of land from Kol headmen to outsiders like Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim farmers and moneylenders who were oppressive and demanded heavy taxes. Besides, the British judicial and revenue policies badly affected the traditional social conditions of the Kols.
    • Ho and Munda uprisings: The Raja of Parahat organised his Ho tribals to revolt against the occupation of Singhbhum (now in Jharkhand). The revolt continued till 1827 when the Ho tribals were forced to submit. However, later in 1831, they again organised a rebellion, joined by the Mundas of Chotanagpur, to protest against the newly introduced farming revenue policy and the entry of Bengalis into their region.

    The above-mentioned uprisings alongside growing discontent amongst sepoys finally culminated into the revolt of 1857. Hence, it was not an instantaneous event, rather an amalgamation of various factors that resented the ruthless colonial rule. All these mutinies remained local and were brutally crushed by the East India Company, often inflicting terrible violence. But the legacy of these revolts proved to be of immense significance later.

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Vinni Bihari
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Vinni BihariBegginer
Asked: July 1, 2024In:
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Give a brief synopsis of the three Carnatic Wars and talk about the elements that helped the British defeat the French in their conflict for India. (250 words)

upsc: modern history events before 1857
  1. Shyamlal Sharma
    Shyamlal Sharma Learner

    The Carnatic Wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century (1746- 1763) between the French East India Company and the British East India Company. The British conquest in these wars ultimately established their dominance over other European nations in India. The First CarRead more

    The Carnatic Wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century (1746- 1763) between the French East India Company and the British East India Company. The British conquest in these wars ultimately established their dominance over other European nations in India.

    • The First Carnatic War (1746-1748): It was an extension of the Anglo-French war in Europe. It started when the English captured some French ships in India. Dupleix, the French Governor-General of Pondicherry, took offense and sieged Madras. However, Madras was returned to the English by the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
    • The Second Carnatic War (1749-1754): After the death of Nizam-ul-Mulk in 1748, a civil war broke out for succession in Hyderabad. In this war, Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jung were supported by the French, while Nasir Jung and Muhammad Ali were supported by the British. Ultimately, the British troops under Robert Clive were able to capture Arcot. The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry (1954), which recognized Muhammad Ali as the Nawab of the Carnatic. Dupleix had to resign and return to France.
    • The Third Carnatic War (1757-1763): The outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in Europe resulted in this war. The British captured the French settlement of Chandranagore in Bengal in 1757 and Madras was successfully defended by Sir Eyre Coote in the Battle of Wandiwash (1760). The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which forbade the French traders from administering their trading posts in India.

    The reasons behind the success of the British and the failure of the French in India include:

    • French continental preoccupation: The French, at that time, were fighting for the ‘natural frontiers’ for their own country and were simultaneously trying for continental expansion and colonial acquisition. It brought them into conflict with other European nations and strained their resources. British ambition was mainly colonial expansion and hence, they were able to succeed by focussing on this objective only.
    • Systems of government: The French government was despotic and depended on the personality of the Monarch. England, on the other hand, was dominated by an enlightened oligarchy.
    • Organization of the companies: The French company was a department of the State with guaranteed dividends to its shareholders. Strengthening of its financial position was neglected and was not adequate to support the expansionist policies of Dupleix. On the other hand, the English company was an independent commercial corporation and the King and the Parliament took great interest in strengthening the company. Therefore, its trade was much more extensive and it was rich enough to fight its own wars in India.
    • Role of the navy: During the Austrian War of Succession, French maritime strength was greatly reduced and at a point, it was left with no warships. However, the English had a superior naval force enabling them to have communications with Europe and supply land enforcements to its forces, as well as cut France from the rest of the world in the Carnatic wars.
    • Financial resources of Bengal: While the Deccan was too poor to support the political ambitions of Dupleix, Bengal was not only sending troops but also supplies to the Carnatic to support the English.
    • Lack of continuity in leadership: Because of State control, the Governor-General of the French company could be recalled at any time, as was done in the case of Dupleix. The British company, on the other hand, had the continued leadership of skilled leaders like Sir Eyre Coote and Robert Clive.

    Thus, the French spent resources in India for about 40 years but were not able to realize a French empire in India while the British succeeded in doing so.

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