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Modern India

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Home/Modern India/Page 26

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Aditya Sharma
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Aditya SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 6, 2024In:
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Examine how land revenue regulations evolved in India throughout the period of British colonialism.

upsc: economic impact of british rule
  1. Ishaan Chopra
    Ishaan Chopra Begginer

    During the British colonial rule in India, the economic landscape underwent significant transformations, particularly in the agrarian sector. Agriculture formed the backbone of the Indian economy, with the majority of the population dependent on farming for their livelihood. The colonial administratRead more

    During the British colonial rule in India, the economic landscape underwent significant transformations, particularly in the agrarian sector. Agriculture formed the backbone of the Indian economy, with the majority of the population dependent on farming for their livelihood. The colonial administration sought to maximize revenue generation from land, leading to the introduction of various land revenue policies that aimed to regulate and control land ownership, taxation, and administration.

    Development of Land Revenue Policies in the British India:

    • Permanent Settlement: The Permanent Settlement, also known as the Zamindari System, was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793, primarily in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Northern districts of Madras. The system fixed land revenue rates (10/11th of the total derived rentals), transferring collection rights to intermediaries called zamindars. However, this system led to exploitation, high revenue demands, and rural distress, prompting its abandonment in other regions.
      • The policy led to an escalation in the collected sum, rising from Rs. 14,290,000 in 1722 to Rs. 18,180,000 in 1764 and further to Rs. 23,400,000 in 1771.
      • This policy covered approximately 19% of the total land in British India. •
    • Ryotwari System:
      • In response to the shortcomings of the Permanent Settlement, the British introduced the “Ryotwari System” in certain southern Indian regions such as parts of Madras and the Bombay Presidency.
      • This system, introduced in 1820 by Thomas Munro and Charles Reed, aimed to directly engage individual cultivators in the assessment and collection of land revenue.

    Under this system, individual cultivators (ryots) held direct rights over land, and revenue was fixed based on crop assessment.

    • This policy covered approximately 51% of the total land in British India.
      • The system aimed to eliminate intermediaries, but it often resulted in heavy tax burdens on peasants and insufficient revenue for the government.
    • Mahalwari System: The British implemented the “Mahalwari System” in certain regions of North India, such as the Punjab and parts of the Central Provinces, under the introduction of Holt Mackenzie in 1822, with further evaluation conducted by Lord William Bentinck in 1833. In this system, revenue was collected from village communities (mahals) rather than individual cultivators. The community held joint responsibility for payment, which aimed to encourage collective responsibility while simplifying administration.
      • This policy covered approximately 30% of the total land in British India.
      • Even after the implementation of this system, challenges like uneven land distribution and the burden of revenue payment persisted, making the system unable to completely eradicate agrarian issues.
    • North-West Provinces Regulation (1881): The British introduced the North-West Provinces Regulation in 1881 to standardize land revenue policies across territories. This regulation aimed to provide security to peasants by limiting revenue demands, protecting tenants’ rights, and improving land records.
    • Land Revenue Settlements: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the British conducted various land revenue settlements, such as the Punjab Land Revenue Act (1887), Madras Settlement (1902), and Bombay Land Revenue Code (1879). These aimed to standardize revenue assessment methods, protect tenant rights, and provide relief during times of distress.
    • The 20th Century: The 20th Century marked a period of significant changes in India’s land revenue policies as the country moved closer to independence. For instance, the colonial government introduced the “Bengal Tenancy Amendment Act” in 1928, which aimed to address issues of tenant rights and protection.

    In conclusion, the evolution of land revenue policies during British colonial rule in India reveals a complex journey of experimentation, adjustments, and responses to socio-economic challenges. Alongside this, the impact of these policies on the agrarian system can be observed, including effects such as the acceleration of commercialization and instances of distress within rural communities.

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Lahari T
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Lahari TBegginer
Asked: July 14, 2024In: ,
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governancequestion
  1. Tasleem Shaik
    Tasleem Shaik Begginer

    New criminal laws can significantly impact the public in various ways, influencing societal norms, legal behavior, and public perceptions of justice. Firstly, changes in criminal laws may redefine what constitutes criminal behavior, potentially altering public attitudes towards certain actions or beRead more

    New criminal laws can significantly impact the public in various ways, influencing societal norms, legal behavior, and public perceptions of justice. Firstly, changes in criminal laws may redefine what constitutes criminal behavior, potentially altering public attitudes towards certain actions or behaviors previously considered acceptable. This shift can lead to increased awareness and caution among individuals and communities, affecting everyday conduct and interactions.

    Moreover, new laws can directly affect individuals involved in the criminal justice system, from defendants and victims to law enforcement and legal professionals. Changes in sentencing guidelines, penalties, or procedural rules can alter the outcomes of criminal cases, influencing rehabilitation efforts, deterrence strategies, and overall fairness in the justice system.

    Furthermore, public trust in the legal system may be impacted by perceived effectiveness and fairness of new criminal laws. Clear communication and education about these changes are crucial to ensure public understanding and compliance. Additionally, new laws addressing emerging issues such as cybercrime or environmental offenses can reflect evolving societal concerns and priorities.

    In essence, the introduction of new criminal laws can shape public behavior, legal proceedings, and perceptions of justice, ultimately affecting the social fabric and governance of a society.

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Aryan Ps
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Aryan PsBegginer
Asked: July 13, 2024In: , , , ,
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Why are the number of attacks in POK on a rise?

question
  1. Archana Puneyani
    Archana Puneyani Begginer

    Attacks in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK) have increased due to various circumstances. This includes previous grievances, sectarian and ethnic tensions, economic difficulties, geopolitical rivalry, and terrorist organisations. To overcome this, a sophisticated plan combining socioeconomic developmeRead more

    Attacks in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK) have increased due to various circumstances. This includes previous grievances, sectarian and ethnic tensions, economic difficulties, geopolitical rivalry, and terrorist organisations. To overcome this, a sophisticated plan combining socioeconomic development, political reconciliation, effective counterterrorism measures, and regional collaboration is required.

    Instability and bloodshed have been brought about in the region by geopolitical conflicts, such as the conflict between India and Pakistan. There is a lot of terrorist activity and cross-border terrorism in POK. Some of these groups are said to have support from Pakistani intelligence services.

    Political marginalisation, gaps in basic services and infrastructure, and divisions based on ethnicity and religion are examples of internal issues. Particularly for young people, unemployment and poverty might increase the attraction of militant activity. International dynamics, NATO’s pullout from Afghanistan, foreign financing and support for extremist organisations, and the influence of non-state players, such as global jihadist groups, are examples of external effects.

    In response to POK, security forces may use military operations that cause property damage and human casualties, stoking local unrest and escalating cycles of retaliatory violence. Claims of biased targeting and violations of human rights may compromise the credibility and efficacy of Pakistan’s intelligence agencies in counterterrorism endeavours.

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Laila Mehta
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Laila MehtaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
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Examine the function of the vernacular press in spreading nationalist ideals and organizing popular opinion against colonial control.

upsc: growth of nationalism in india (1858-1905)
  1. Pritma Sharma
    Pritma Sharma Begginer

    Vernacular Press and Nationalist Movement:  Introduction: The vernacular press played a crucial role in disseminating nationalist ideas and mobilizing public opinion against colonial rule in India. The vernacular press, which catered to the local language and audience, was a vital medium for spreadiRead more

    Vernacular Press and Nationalist Movement: 

    Introduction:

    The vernacular press played a crucial role in disseminating nationalist ideas and mobilizing public opinion against colonial rule in India. The vernacular press, which catered to the local language and audience, was a vital medium for spreading nationalist sentiments and challenging British authority.

    Key Points:

    • Mass Reach: The vernacular press had a massive reach, with millions of readers across the country. This allowed nationalist leaders to spread their message and ideas to a wide audience.
    • Local Focus: The vernacular press focused on local issues and concerns, making it more relatable to the readers. This helped to create a sense of national identity and unity among the people.
    • Nationalist Propaganda: The vernacular press was used as a powerful tool for spreading nationalist propaganda, including anti-British sentiments, nationalistic ideals, and calls for independence.
    • Counter-Narrative: The vernacular press provided a counter-narrative to the British colonial narrative, presenting an alternative perspective on Indian history, culture, and identity.

    Recent Examples:

    • The Hindutva Movement: The rise of Hindutva ideology in the 1980s and 1990s saw the vernacular press playing a crucial role in spreading nationalist ideas and mobilizing public opinion. Newspapers like the RSS’s Organiser and the VHP’s Panchjanya propagated Hindu nationalist ideology.
    • The Anna Hazare Movement: The anti-corruption movement led by Anna Hazare in 2011 saw widespread coverage in the vernacular press. Newspapers like Loksatta and Prajashakti played a crucial role in mobilizing public opinion and creating a sense of national outrage.
    • The Kashmir Conflict: The ongoing conflict in Kashmir has seen the vernacular press playing a crucial role in shaping public opinion. Newspapers like Kashmir Times and Greater Kashmir have been critical of the government’s policies and have presented alternative perspectives on the conflict.

    Challenges:

    • Censorship: The colonial government censored newspapers that were critical of their policies, limiting their ability to disseminate nationalist ideas.
    • Financial Constraints: The vernacular press faced financial constraints, making it difficult for them to sustain their operations and reach their target audience.
    • Language Barriers: The use of different languages in the vernacular press created barriers for readers who were not fluent in those languages.
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Ishaan Chopra
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Ishaan ChopraBegginer
Asked: September 20, 2024In:
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Talk about how the First World War affected British foreign policy toward India and its territories.

upsc: british foreign policy
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    World War I (1914-1918) was a global conflict involving major powers sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand resulting in massive loss of life, widespread destruction and lasting impact.World War I had a significant impact on British foreign policy in India and its colonies leadingRead more

    World War I (1914-1918) was a global conflict involving major powers sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand resulting in massive loss of life, widespread destruction and lasting impact.World War I had a significant impact on British foreign policy in India and its colonies leading to a shift towards greater autonomy and eventual decolonization. Here are some key aspects of this impact.

    Impact on British Foreign Policy in India –

    • India’s contribution to the war effort including the deployment of over a million Indian soldiers led to increased demands for greater autonomy and self rule.
    • In response to these demands, the British government introduced the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms in 1919 which expanded Indian participation in government and introduced the concept of dyarchy (shared rule).
    • The war experience fueled Indian nationalism, with leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru emerging as key figures in the independence movement.

    Impact on British Colonies –

    • The war weakened British colonial authority as colonial subjects began to question the legitimacy of British rule.
    • The war sparked anti-colonial movements across the British Empire including in Africa and Southeast Asia.
    • The war led to the creation of the League of Nations which introduced the concept of mandates where colonial powers were responsible for administering territories on behalf of the League.

    Long term Consequences –

    • The war marked the beginning of the end of British colonial rule with India gaining independence in 1947 and other colonies following suit in the decades that followed.
    • The war led to a shift in British foreign policy with a greater emphasis on cooperation and partnership with former colonies as embodied in the Commonwealth of Nations.
    • The war marked the emergence of the United States as a global superpower which would eventually challenge British dominance and contribute to the decline of the British Empire.

     

    In summary, World War I had a profound impact on British foreign policy in India and its colonies leading to increased demands for autonomy, the rise of nationalism and the eventual decline of British colonial rule.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi as key leaders in the Indian freedom struggle. State the common goal of independence but highlight the distinct approaches they adopted. 2. Key Differences 2.1 Philosophy of Resistance Mahatma Gandhi: Emphasized non-violent ...

upsc: freedom movement
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi were pivotal leaders in the Indian struggle for independence. While both aimed to free India from British rule, their methods and philosophies were distinctly different, reflecting the diversity of thought within the freedom movement.Read more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi were pivotal leaders in the Indian struggle for independence. While both aimed to free India from British rule, their methods and philosophies were distinctly different, reflecting the diversity of thought within the freedom movement.

    Key Differences

    1. Philosophy of Resistance

    Mahatma Gandhi championed non-violent resistance, employing methods such as civil disobedience, non-cooperation, and satyagraha (passive resistance). He believed that moral courage and peaceful protests could compel the British to leave India. In contrast, Subhash Chandra Bose advocated for a militant approach, believing that armed struggle was essential for achieving independence. He argued that freedom could only be secured through decisive action against the British.

    2. Leadership Style

    Gandhi led the Indian National Congress (INC) with a focus on inclusivity, dialogue, and mass mobilization from the 1920s to the 1940s. His leadership style encouraged participation from all sections of society. Bose, elected president of the INC twice, eventually split from the organization due to ideological differences. He formed the Forward Bloc and later the Indian National Army (INA), pursuing a more radical and revolutionary path.

    3. Attitude Towards the British

    Gandhi believed in negotiating with the British and using peaceful demonstrations to assert the legitimate aspirations of the Indian populace. Conversely, Bose argued that the British would only relinquish control if forced through armed resistance, emphasizing a confrontational stance.

    4. Alliances with Foreign Powers

    Gandhi generally eschewed alliances with foreign powers, advocating for an indigenous struggle based on self-reliance and non-violence. In contrast, Bose actively sought foreign assistance, aligning with Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II to form the INA, which fought alongside Japanese forces to expel the British.

    Conclusion

    In summary, Gandhi emphasized non-violent resistance and moral persuasion, while Bose advocated for armed struggle and revolutionary action. Their differing philosophies and methods enriched the Indian freedom movement, showcasing the variety of strategies that contributed to India’s eventual independence.

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Jatin Khanna
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Jatin KhannaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Talk about the tactics that the revolutionaries used, such as armed uprisings, bomb attacks, and political assassinations.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    The Indian independence movement, which spanned from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century, was marked by diverse strategies employed by revolutionaries to achieve their goal of freedom from British colonial rule. Key among these strategies were bomb attacks, political assassinations, and aRead more

    The Indian independence movement, which spanned from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century, was marked by diverse strategies employed by revolutionaries to achieve their goal of freedom from British colonial rule. Key among these strategies were bomb attacks, political assassinations, and armed uprisings.

    Bomb Attacks:

    • Early 20th century: The Indian revolutionary movement, inspired by the Russian Revolution, saw the use of bomb attacks as a means to target British colonial authorities. Notable examples include the Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) and the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929).
    • Recent Examples:
      • Bhima Koregaon Violence (2017): A group of Dalit activists, including intellectuals and artists, were attacked in Bhima Koregaon, Maharashtra, leading to allegations of violence and conspiracy.
      • Gauri Lankesh Assassination (2017): Gauri Lankesh, a journalist and activist, was assassinated in Bengaluru, Karnataka, allegedly by a group of Hindu extremists.

    Political Assassinations:

    • Early 20th century: The Indian National Army (INA) and other extremist groups targeted British officials and collaborators in India. Notable examples include the Assassination of Sir Charles Cleveland (1915) and the Assassination of Lord Hardinge (1912).
    • Recent Examples:
      • M.M. Kalburgi Assassination (2015): M.M. Kalburgi, a historian and critic of Hindutva ideology, was assassinated in Dharwad, Karnataka.
      • Gyanendra Pandey Assassination Attempt (2019): Gyanendra Pandey, a historian and critic of Hindutva ideology, was attacked in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

    Armed Uprisings:

    • Early 20th century: The Indian National Army (INA) and other extremist groups launched armed uprisings against British colonial rule. Notable examples include the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Chittagong Uprising (1930).
    • Recent Examples:
      • Naxalite Insurgency: The Naxalite movement, a communist-inspired insurgency, has been active in various parts of India since the 1960s.
      • Kashmir Insurgency: The Kashmir insurgency has been ongoing since the 1990s, with various militant groups fighting against Indian rule.

    Key Points:

    • Diverse Strategies: Revolutionaries employed diverse strategies to achieve their goal of independence, including bomb attacks, political assassinations, and armed uprisings.
    • Contextual Significance: Each strategy was used in response to specific historical contexts and events.
    • Recent Examples: The use of bomb attacks, political assassinations, and armed uprisings continues to be a feature of contemporary Indian politics.
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Kirti Priya
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Kirti PriyaBegginer
Asked: July 21, 2024In: , ,
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educationquestion
  1. Khattewale Naziya Anjum 21BEC0852
    Khattewale Naziya Anjum 21BEC0852 Begginer

    Need for Change:  Yes, the Indian education system needs to be changed to better align with contemporary global standards and the demands of the modern workforce. The current system often emphasizes rote learning over critical thinking and creativity, which can hinder students' overall development aRead more

    Need for Change:  Yes, the Indian education system needs to be changed to better align with contemporary global standards and the demands of the modern workforce. The current system often emphasizes rote learning over critical thinking and creativity, which can hinder students’ overall development and adaptability.

    Curriculum Modernization: The curriculum should be updated to include more practical and application-based learning. Emphasizing STEM education, coding, and digital literacy will prepare students for technology-driven careers. Additionally, incorporating life skills, financial literacy, and entrepreneurship can equip students with essential skills for personal and professional success.

    Teaching Methods: Advancements in teaching methods are necessary. Incorporating interactive and experiential learning approaches, such as project-based learning, can make education more engaging and effective. Training teachers to use modern pedagogical techniques and integrating technology in classrooms can enhance the learning experience.

    Assessment Reforms: Reforming assessment methods to focus on continuous and comprehensive evaluation rather than high-stakes exams can reduce stress and better reflect students’ understanding and skills. Including formative assessments and diverse evaluation methods can provide a more holistic view of student performance.

    Vocational Training: Integrating vocational training and skill development programs within the education system can bridge the gap between education and employment. Partnerships with industries and hands-on training opportunities can ensure students are job-ready upon graduation.

    Inclusivity and Accessibility: Improving inclusivity and accessibility is crucial. Ensuring that education is accessible to all, regardless of socio-economic background, and addressing regional disparities can create a more equitable education system. Implementing robust scholarship programs and infrastructure development in rural areas can support this goal. By implementing these advancements, the Indian education system can evolve to better meet the needs of students and society.

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Kritika Nagpal
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Kritika NagpalBegginer
Asked: July 11, 2024In: , , , , , ,
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How can societies balance achieving rapid economic growth and ensuring that the benefits are equally distributed across all population segments, especially marginalized groups, to foster sustainable and inclusive development?

  1. NARISETTI PAVANI
    NARISETTI PAVANI Begginer

    Achieving rapid economic growth while ensuring equal distribution mainly in marginalized groups will leads to foster sustainable development and inclusive development. To achieve this growth 2 strategies can be applied 1. Micro aspects 2. Macro aspects Micro aspects Gender equality Providing FinanciRead more

    Achieving rapid economic growth while ensuring equal distribution mainly in marginalized groups will leads to foster sustainable development and inclusive development. To achieve this growth 2 strategies can be applied 1. Micro aspects 2. Macro aspects

    Micro aspects

    1. Gender equality
    2. Providing Financial necessities
    3. Make sure that benefits are distributed to the right people
    4. Encouraging and motivating new ideas
    5. Programs related to skill development and health care access to marginalized people

    Macro aspects

    1. Infrastructure development – Employment opportunities
    2. Digital transformation or technology development
    3. Investment opportunities to foreign companies
    4. Improving trade relations
    5. Legal and regulatory Frameworks
    6. Policy making based on data which is collected so that policy makers will get overall idea in which field or sector to be improved

    In Summary, by monitoring and proper evaluation for above aspects will leads to foster sustainable and inclusive development.

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