Constitutional Development (1858-1947)

The Government of India Act 1919 introduced dyarchy, expanding provincial legislative councils, increasing Indian representation and granting women’s suffrage. It marked a significant step towards Indian self rule, despite its limitations.The Government of India Act of 1919 was a significant step towards increasing political participation and representation in British India. It introduced a dual system of government known as dyarchy where certain subjects like education, public health, and agriculture were transferred to Indian ministers, while the British retained control over finance, law and order.

Key Reforms –

1. The Act increased the number of elected members in the provincial legislative councils with 70% of members being elected .
2. The dual system of government allowed Indian ministers to have control over certain subjects, while the British retained control over key areas.
3. The Act provided for increased Indian representation in the central legislature with the Imperial Legislative Council being enlarged and reformed.
4. The Act granted women the right to vote marking a significant milestone in the struggle for women’s empowerment in India .

Limitations –

1. The electorate was limited to a small, privileged group of people who paid a minimum tax of Rs. 3000 .
2. The British retained control over key areas like defense, foreign policy and finance limiting Indian autonomy .

Overall, the Government of India Act of 1919 was a significant step towards increasing political participation and representation in British India but it had its limitations.The Government of India Act 1919 was enacted to address the Indian nationalist movement’s demands and calm post World War I unrest, introducing reforms to increase Indian participation in government.

The Government of India Act 1935 established a federal structure, dividing power between the center and provinces and introduced provincial autonomy, bicameral legislature and increased Indian representation paving the way for India’s eventual independence.The Government of India Act of 1935 had a significant impact on the federal structure and provincial autonomy in India. Here are some key aspects –

Federal Structure –

1. The Act introduced a federal structure, dividing power between the central government and the provinces.
2. The Act established a bicameral legislature at the center comprising the Council of States (Upper House) and the Federal Assembly (Lower House).
3. The Act distributed powers between the center and the provinces with the center retaining control over key areas like defense, foreign policy and communications.

Provincial Autonomy –

1. The Act granted provinces greater autonomy with provincial governments responsible for areas like education, healthcare and agriculture.
2. The Act introduced elected provincial governments with governors appointed by the British monarch serving as constitutional heads.
3. The Act established provincial legislatures comprising elected representatives and having the power to make laws on provincial subjects.

Impact –

• The Act led to the decentralization of power with provinces gaining greater autonomy and responsibility.
• The Act increased Indian participation in government with more elected representatives in provincial legislatures and the central legislature.
• The Act laid the groundwork for India’s eventual independence providing a framework for governance and power distribution.

Overall, the Government of India Act of 1935 marked a significant step towards Indian self rule, introducing a federal structure and increasing provincial autonomy.

The Simon Commission established in 1927 was a british led inquiry into India’s constitutional reforms. Its recommendations published in 1930 proposed limited autonomy for India sparking widespread protests and boycotts across the country.The Simon Commission’s recommendations, published in 1930, reflected British attitudes towards Indian self rule in several ways –

1. The commission recommended granting India a limited form of autonomy with the British government retaining control over key areas such as defense, foreign affairs and finance.
2. The commission rejected the idea of granting India dominion status which would have made India a self governing dominion of the British Empire.
3. The commission recommended a gradual approach to Indian self rule with incremental reforms and increased representation for Indians in government.
4. The commission’s recommendations ensured that the British government retained significant power and control over India including the power to veto legislation and appoint key officials.
5. The commission’s report was criticized for its lack of Indian representation and input reflecting the British government’s paternalistic attitude towards India.

Overall, the Simon Commission’s recommendations reflected the British government’s cautious and gradual approach to Indian self rule while maintaining significant control and power over India.