Important International Institutions

Model Answer

Introduction

The ongoing trade wars, particularly between major economies like the US and China, have exposed vulnerabilities within the World Trade Organization (WTO). Established in 1995, the WTO aims to facilitate and liberalize international trade. However, its current structure requires significant reforms to ensure its survival and relevance, particularly concerning the interests of India.

Current Issues in the WTO

Loss of Utility

The WTO has increasingly lost its utility for key players like the US and the EU, prompting calls for reforms to realign its functions with their priorities.

Inadequate Response to China

The organization has struggled to effectively address China’s tariff manipulation. This inadequacy has led the US and the EU to explore alternative trade frameworks outside WTO regulations.

Neglected Obligations

Major economies often neglect their WTO commitments, such as reducing agricultural subsidies, while pushing for new rules favoring their own sectors, particularly in e-commerce.

Reforms Needed

Fulfilling Agreed-upon Issues

India, alongside other member nations, emphasizes the necessity of adhering to existing commitments, especially in agriculture, before introducing new priorities.

Addressing Major Economies’ Concerns

Reforms should focus on addressing the concerns of the US and EU to restore their confidence in the WTO, encouraging their active participation.

Balancing Obligations

The WTO must balance old commitments with new areas like e-commerce, ensuring inclusivity and fairness for all member countries.

Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms

Enhancing enforcement mechanisms is crucial to ensure compliance with WTO rules and address instances of non-compliance effectively.

Promoting Development and Equity

Reforms should prioritize the needs of developing countries, ensuring special and differential treatment to foster their participation and benefits from global trade.

Conclusion

As a significant member of the WTO, India has a vested interest in advocating for systemic reforms in key areas, including dispute resolution and trade facilitation, to ensure that the WTO remains functional and beneficial for all its members, particularly developing nations.

Model Answer

Introduction

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) plays a vital role in maintaining global peace and security, including authorizing the use of force, imposing sanctions, and establishing peacekeeping operations. Permanent membership on the UNSC is important because it grants a country veto power, enabling it to block any UNSC resolution and providing an opportunity to shape international policy, enhancing its influence and status in the global arena.

Impediments to India’s Pursuit of a Permanent Seat

India faces several significant challenges in its quest for a permanent seat on the UNSC:

1. Veto Power of Existing Permanent Members: One of the main obstacles is the veto power held by the current permanent members— the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom. These members are unlikely to approve an expansion of permanent seats, as it would dilute their own power and influence.
2. Opposition from Other Aspirants: Other countries, including Brazil, Germany, and Japan, also aspire for a permanent seat. Their opposition to India’s bid may stem from regional politics or competition for resources, complicating India’s pursuit.
3. Lack of Consensus Among Existing Members: There is no consensus among the current UNSC members regarding the expansion of permanent seats. Some members may support the idea, while others oppose it, making it difficult for India to secure the necessary backing.
4. Historical Issues: India’s history of non-alignment during the Cold War and its nuclear tests in 1998 have created a negative perception among some nations, which could be leveraged against its bid.
5. Current Issues: India’s human rights record, its Kashmir policy, and ongoing border disputes with China and Pakistan are often cited as reasons to question its suitability for a permanent seat.
6. Financial Contributions: Some UNSC members argue that India has not made sufficient financial contributions to the UN, which is a criterion for consideration for a permanent seat.

Conclusion

India’s pursuit of a permanent seat in the UNSC is hindered by various factors, including resistance from other countries, a lack of consensus among existing members, and India’s own historical and current challenges. Despite these impediments, India remains committed to working towards a more inclusive and representative UN system.