Pressure groups are a group of organized individuals formed while exercising rights under article 19(1)(b), playing a huge role in enhancing public participation. Some examples of pressure groups- Navdanya, Confederation of Indian Industry and Self Employed Women's Association. Different types of teRead more
Pressure groups are a group of organized individuals formed while exercising rights under article 19(1)(b), playing a huge role in enhancing public participation. Some examples of pressure groups- Navdanya, Confederation of Indian Industry and Self Employed Women’s Association.
Different types of techniques used by pressure groups:
- Public Awareness Campaigns– In order to raise support and make people aware about an issue, rallies, protests and social media campaigns are organized. Example- During Farmers protest mass rallies and protests along with huge social media campaigns were organized.
- Legal Action– Governmental policies which may be deemed as unfair are taken to courts via lawsuits or petitions. Example – Public Interest Litigation is used to challenge government policies.
- Lobbying- Contacting the policymakers or government officials directly in pursuit of agreeing to a specific case is called lobbying. Example- CII for reducing corporate taxes.
- Research and Reports– Conducting research and analyzing it to form a conclusive report is used by pressure groups in order to support their claim. Example – The latest Greenpeace report titled “Heat Havoc”.
- Public Relations– Influencing public opinion via communication strategies is another tactic used by pressure groups. Example- PETA India utilized advertising campaigns featuring Bollywood celebrities to raise awareness about animal cruelty.
The Doctrine of Frustration concerns the legal relationship that because of occurrence of some events beyond reasonable contemplation it becomes impossible to perform and therefore the parties are discharged of the performance of the contract. Section 56 of the Indian Contract Act,1872 enshrines thiRead more
The Doctrine of Frustration concerns the legal relationship that because of occurrence of some events beyond reasonable contemplation it becomes impossible to perform and therefore the parties are discharged of the performance of the contract. Section 56 of the Indian Contract Act,1872 enshrines this principle to the effect of saying that ‘every contract to do an impossible act is void’. The contract becomes frustrated when there is an event that has the affect of making the purpose of the contract impossible, unlawful or totally unexpected by both the parties to the contract.
The most famous of these are the Indian case Of Satyabrata Ghose v. Mugneeram Bangur & Co. (1954). In this case, the role of Supreme court referred to the decision making under the rule of frustration that Say the contract becomes frustrated where there is a condition that went to the root of the contract and made its performance impossible. In the case, it is shown that the building land contract was interrupted due to the governmental orders during the Second World War. That is why the Courts ruled that due to the war related restriction the parties were unable to perform their obligations under the contract and thus, the contract was frustrated.
Disaffection cannot be recorded where the issue of the challenge in performance is temporal or where the event was anticipated. It is also not allowed where the contract has provided for how particular incidences should be handled in as much as they are contingencies.
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