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Cropping Pattern

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Home/Agriculture & Food Management/Cropping Pattern

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Kumudini Lakhia
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Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the concept of cropping patterns in India, highlighting the shift towards water-intensive crops like paddy and sugarcane. Define “water-intensive cropping patterns” and explain their implications for water resources. 2. Reasons Behind the Uneven Shift Towards Water-Intensive ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Price Support Mechanisms: The government’s price support mechanisms, such as Minimum Support Price (MSP), predominantly favor water-intensive crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Despite MSP being announced for 23 crops, effective support is primarily provided for these three, drivingRead more

    Model Answer

    Price Support Mechanisms: The government’s price support mechanisms, such as Minimum Support Price (MSP), predominantly favor water-intensive crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Despite MSP being announced for 23 crops, effective support is primarily provided for these three, driving their extensive cultivation. This policy has led to an overemphasis on water-intensive crops.

    Increasing Demand: The demand for crops like sugar has increased due to their link with ethanol production, co-generated electricity, and by-products like bio-CNG and molasses. In regions like Karnataka and Maharashtra, the area under sugarcane cultivation has nearly doubled in the last 6-7 years, further contributing to water-intensive cropping.

    Input Subsidies and Irrigation Infrastructure: Subsidies on water, electricity, and fertilizers, combined with enhanced irrigation infrastructure, incentivize farmers to grow water-intensive crops. States like Punjab rely heavily on irrigation for crops like paddy, whereas states with sufficient rainfall like Assam and Bihar lack similar incentives.

    Impact of the Green Revolution: The Green Revolution introduced high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of rice and wheat, which, although more productive, require large amounts of water. This has cemented the dominance of these crops in India.

    Measures for Promoting Sustainable Water-Efficient Cropping Patterns

    Promotion of Diversified Agriculture: The government can incentivize the cultivation of less water-intensive, drought-resistant crops like millets and pulses by offering enhanced MSP and support schemes. This would help reduce the over-reliance on water-guzzling crops.

    Innovation and Technology: Implementing advanced water management technologies, such as drip irrigation, can optimize water usage. Maharashtra’s mandate for drip irrigation in sugarcane cultivation is a notable example of saving water while maintaining productivity.

    Educational Programs and Community Engagement: Workshops and extension services should be organized to educate farmers on the benefits of crop diversification and sustainable water practices.

    Infrastructure Development: Investing in infrastructure for storage, processing, and marketing of less water-intensive crops like fruits and vegetables is essential. Establishing cold storage and processing units can provide economic incentives for farmers to shift to these crops.

    Enhanced Research and Development: Focused research on developing water-efficient crop varieties suited to local climates can help reduce dependency on traditional, water-intensive crops.

    By implementing these measures, India can achieve a more sustainable water-use cropping pattern, crucial for long-term agricultural and environmental sustainability.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly define the rice-wheat cropping system. Mention its prevalence in India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic plains. 2. Major Factors Responsible for Success Green Revolution: Introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) and technology. Source: National Agricultural Research System. Minimum Support Price (MSP) Policies: Government procurement ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The rice-wheat cropping system is India’s most widely adopted agricultural practice, covering approximately 11 million hectares, primarily in the Indo-Gangetic plains. This system involves cultivating rice during the summer monsoon and wheat in the winter, predominantly inRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The rice-wheat cropping system is India’s most widely adopted agricultural practice, covering approximately 11 million hectares, primarily in the Indo-Gangetic plains. This system involves cultivating rice during the summer monsoon and wheat in the winter, predominantly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, and West Bengal.

    Major Factors for Success

    1. Green Revolution: The introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) and advanced agricultural technologies significantly boosted food grain production, particularly rice and wheat. Enhanced irrigation facilities and machinery further increased productivity and cropping area.
    2. Minimum Support Price (MSP) Policies: The government’s procurement of rice and wheat at MSP has insulated farmers from market risks, encouraging a shift towards these crops.
    3. Food Preferences: Rice and wheat are staple foods in India, leading subsistence farmers to cultivate these crops for personal consumption.
    4. Favorable Agro-climatic Conditions: The warm, humid climate and fertile soils in the rice-wheat belt support high yields, making it an ideal region for this cropping system.
    5. Allied Activities: The system also supports livestock farming through the provision of green fodder, enhancing overall agricultural productivity.

    Bane of the Rice-Wheat System

    Despite its success, the rice-wheat system has led to several ecological and economic issues:

    • Groundwater Depletion: The reliance on groundwater for irrigation, exacerbated by free power policies, has led to severe depletion, particularly in Punjab and Haryana, which are now over-exploited zones.
    • Environmental Pollution: Crop residue burning in states like Punjab and Haryana contributes to significant air pollution, while excessive use of fertilizers has resulted in soil degradation and water contamination.
    • Loss of Biodiversity: The focus on hybrid seeds and monoculture practices has diminished biodiversity, making crops more susceptible to pests and diseases.
    • Economic Challenges: Rising labor costs and exposure to global markets have reduced farmers’ incomes, with productivity levels in India lagging behind international standards, such as those in China.
    • Lack of Innovation: The long-standing MSP system has stifled farmers’ entrepreneurial skills and innovation, leading to unsustainable agricultural practices.

    Conclusion

    To address these challenges, India must adopt innovative agricultural strategies, diversify cropping patterns, and enhance market access for farmers. An Ever-Green Revolution is essential for sustainable agricultural growth and the future of rural youth.

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Krishna Rao
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Krishna RaoLearner
Asked: July 23, 2024In:
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Examine the effects on food production and land-use patterns in various parts of India of the growing demand for biofuels and the growing cultivation of energy crops like sugarcane and jatropha. Also, talk about the policy issues that should be ...

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Ishan Agarwal
    Ishan Agarwal Begginer

    Implications of the Growing Demand for Biofuels and Increasing Cultivation of Energy Crops in India The growing demand for biofuels in India, driven by the need for sustainable energy sources and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, has led to increased cultivation of energy crops such as sugarcanRead more

    Implications of the Growing Demand for Biofuels and Increasing Cultivation of Energy Crops in India

    The growing demand for biofuels in India, driven by the need for sustainable energy sources and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, has led to increased cultivation of energy crops such as sugarcane and jatropha. This shift has significant implications for food production, land-use patterns, and broader policy considerations. Analyzing these implications provides insight into the challenges and opportunities associated with sustainable bioenergy production.

    1. Impact on Food Production

    a. Competition for Land: The expansion of energy crop cultivation often competes with land used for food production:

    • Sugarcane: The increasing cultivation of sugarcane for ethanol production has led to concerns about diverting land from food crops. For instance:
      • Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh: In these states, significant land that was previously used for food crops is now devoted to sugarcane cultivation, impacting the availability of food crops like wheat and rice.
    • Jatropha: Although less widespread, jatropha cultivation also affects land use:
      • Chhattisgarh and Odisha: Large-scale jatropha plantations have been established in these regions, potentially displacing traditional food crops and impacting local food security.

    b. Food Prices: Increased cultivation of energy crops can influence food prices through reduced land availability for food production:

    • Price Fluctuations: The shift towards biofuel crops can lead to higher food prices due to decreased production of food crops. For example:
      • Price Hikes in Sugar: In regions with high sugarcane cultivation, there has been a notable increase in sugar prices, reflecting the competition for agricultural resources.

    2. Changes in Land-Use Patterns

    a. Land Conversion: The cultivation of energy crops often involves converting agricultural or forest land:

    • Deforestation and Land Conversion: In some areas, land previously covered by forests or used for other crops is being converted into biofuel plantations. For example:
      • Jharkhand: The expansion of jatropha plantations in Jharkhand has raised concerns about deforestation and the loss of biodiversity.

    b. Regional Disparities: The impact on land-use patterns varies across different regions of India:

    • Southern States: States like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have seen an increase in energy crop cultivation, influencing regional land-use and agricultural practices.
    • Eastern and Central India: These regions are experiencing shifts due to both government incentives and market demand for biofuels.

    3. Policy Considerations for Sustainable Bioenergy Production

    a. Balancing Food and Fuel: Policies must strike a balance between food security and biofuel production:

    • Integrated Land-Use Planning: Developing policies that integrate land-use planning to ensure that biofuel cultivation does not adversely affect food production. For instance:
      • National Biofuel Policy 2018: This policy emphasizes the need for a balanced approach, encouraging the use of non-food feedstocks and waste materials for biofuel production.

    b. Promoting Second-Generation Biofuels: Second-generation biofuels, derived from non-food biomass, can reduce the competition with food crops:

    • Cellulosic Biofuels: Investment in research and development of cellulosic biofuels, which use agricultural residues and non-food crops, can mitigate food vs. fuel conflicts. For example:
      • Biomass-Based Projects: Projects like the Indian Institute of Science’s research on cellulosic ethanol are exploring sustainable alternatives to first-generation biofuels.

    c. Supporting Sustainable Practices: Implementing practices that ensure the sustainability of biofuel production:

    • Sustainable Agriculture: Encouraging sustainable agricultural practices and certification schemes to ensure that biofuel crops are grown in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. For example:
      • Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative: This initiative aims to improve the sustainability of sugarcane farming through better water management and resource efficiency.

    d. Enhancing Research and Innovation: Investing in technological advancements to improve the efficiency of biofuel production:

    • Technological Innovations: Support for research in biofuel technologies and crop management to enhance yields and reduce environmental impact. For instance:
      • Advanced Biofuel Research: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is involved in research to develop high-yield, low-impact energy crops.

    e. Ensuring Fair Market Practices: Establishing fair market mechanisms to prevent market distortions and ensure equitable distribution of resources:

    • Market Regulations: Implementing regulations to prevent exploitation and ensure fair prices for both biofuel and food crops. For example:
      • Price Support Mechanisms: Government interventions to support farmers growing food crops and stabilize prices in response to fluctuations caused by biofuel demand.

    Conclusion

    The growing demand for biofuels and the increasing cultivation of energy crops like sugarcane and jatropha have significant implications for food production, land-use patterns, and environmental sustainability in India. While these initiatives offer opportunities for renewable energy and reduced carbon emissions, they also present challenges related to food security, land competition, and ecological balance. Addressing these challenges through balanced policies, support for sustainable practices, and continued research will be crucial for promoting a sustainable bioenergy sector that benefits both the economy and the environment.

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sania
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saniaBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In:
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What are the benefit of cropping patterns in agriculture?

  1. Veer Singh
    Veer Singh Begginer

    Cropping patterns refer to the arrangement of crops in a field or farm, which can have significant benefits for farmers, the environment, and the community. Here are some of the benefits of cropping patterns: Increased yields: Crop rotation and intercropping can increase yields by reducing soil erosRead more

    Cropping patterns refer to the arrangement of crops in a field or farm, which can have significant benefits for farmers, the environment, and the community. Here are some of the benefits of cropping patterns:

    1. Increased yields: Crop rotation and intercropping can increase yields by reducing soil erosion, improving soil fertility, and controlling pests and diseases.
    2. Soil conservation: Cropping patterns can help reduce soil erosion by minimizing bare soil exposure, retaining soil moisture, and promoting soil biota.
    3. Improved soil health: Crop rotation and organic amendments can improve soil structure, increase organic matter, and enhance nutrient cycling, leading to healthier soils.
    4. Biodiversity conservation: Diversified cropping patterns can conserve biodiversity by providing habitats for beneficial insects, pollinators, and wildlife.
    5. Pest and disease management: Cropping patterns can reduce pest and disease pressure by breaking disease cycles, promoting beneficial insects, and creating physical barriers.
    6. Water conservation: Efficient irrigation practices and crop selection can reduce water usage, conserving this valuable resource.
    7. Climate change mitigation: Cropping patterns can help mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon in soils, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting climate-resilient crops.
    8. Farm income diversification: Diversified cropping patterns can provide multiple income streams for farmers, reducing dependence on a single crop or market.
    9. Food security: By producing a diverse range of crops, farmers can provide a more stable food supply, improving food security for local communities.
    10. Rural development: Cropping patterns can contribute to rural development by creating jobs, improving rural livelihoods, and enhancing community resilience.
    11. Nutritional benefits: Diversified cropping patterns can provide a broader range of nutrients to consumers, improving public health and nutrition.
    12. Ecological services: Cropping patterns can provide ecological services like pollination, pest control, and climate regulation, supporting ecosystem health.
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Arjun Sharma
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Arjun SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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Examine how the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and other cutting-edge crop management techniques might improve the sustainability and productivity of India’s main food crops, like wheat and rice, in various agroclimatic zones.

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Mamta Rani
    Mamta Rani Learner

    Potential of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Innovative Crop Management Practices in India 1. Overview of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Introduction and Principles SRI Methodology: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an innovative rice cultivation technique that focuses oRead more

    Potential of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Innovative Crop Management Practices in India

    1. Overview of System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

    Introduction and Principles

    • SRI Methodology: The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an innovative rice cultivation technique that focuses on improving productivity through enhanced plant management. Key principles include using fewer seeds, planting younger seedlings, and maintaining proper spacing.
    • Recent Example: In Tamil Nadu, SRI has been implemented successfully, with reports indicating an increase in rice yield by up to 30% compared to conventional methods.

    2. Impact on Rice Production

    Increased Productivity

    • Yield Improvement: SRI practices often lead to higher rice yields due to better root development, reduced plant competition, and improved water and nutrient management.
    • Recent Example: In Assam, SRI has increased rice yields from 2.5 tons per hectare to 3.5 tons per hectare in recent trials conducted in 2023.

    Water Efficiency

    • Reduced Water Usage: SRI emphasizes intermittent irrigation and the use of less water compared to traditional methods, which helps conserve water resources.
    • Recent Example: In West Bengal, the adoption of SRI has led to a 30% reduction in water usage for rice cultivation, addressing regional water scarcity issues.

    Environmental Benefits

    • Soil Health: SRI practices improve soil health through better organic matter management and reduced chemical use.
    • Recent Example: A study in Odisha in 2023 reported improved soil fertility and reduced chemical runoff due to SRI practices.

    3. Application to Other Crops

    Wheat and Other Major Crops

    • Adaptation to Wheat: While SRI is specifically designed for rice, similar principles of crop management, such as reduced seed density and optimal spacing, can be applied to wheat cultivation.
    • Recent Example: In Punjab, innovative practices inspired by SRI have led to improved wheat yields by optimizing planting density and nutrient management.

    4. Innovative Crop Management Practices

    Precision Farming

    • Technological Integration: Precision farming involves the use of technology to optimize field-level management of crops. Techniques include GPS-guided machinery and data analytics for better crop management.
    • Recent Example: In Haryana, precision farming technologies have been integrated into wheat cultivation, leading to a 15% increase in yield and reduced input costs.

    Conservation Agriculture

    • Principles and Benefits: Conservation agriculture focuses on minimal soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, and crop rotation to improve soil health and productivity.
    • Recent Example: In Madhya Pradesh, conservation agriculture practices have increased wheat yields and improved soil moisture retention.

    5. Regional Adaptation and Challenges

    Regional Suitability

    • Agro-Climatic Adaptation: The effectiveness of SRI and other practices can vary based on regional agro-climatic conditions. Adapting practices to local conditions is crucial for success.
    • Recent Example: In Kerala, SRI has been adapted to the high rainfall and humidity conditions, demonstrating flexibility in different climatic zones.

    Challenges in Adoption

    • Knowledge and Training: Successful implementation of SRI and other innovative practices requires training and awareness among farmers.
    • Recent Example: In Jharkhand, challenges in implementing SRI include a lack of training and initial resistance from farmers. Efforts are ongoing to provide better training and support.

    Infrastructure and Resource Constraints

    • Access to Resources: Limited access to quality seeds, irrigation facilities, and technical support can hinder the adoption of innovative practices.
    • Recent Example: In Chhattisgarh, inadequate irrigation infrastructure has posed challenges to the widespread adoption of SRI.

    6. Government and Institutional Support

    Supportive Policies

    • Government Initiatives: Various government schemes and programs support the adoption of innovative crop management practices through subsidies, training, and research funding.
    • Recent Example: The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) provides support for irrigation infrastructure, aiding the implementation of water-efficient practices like SRI.

    Research and Extension Services

    • Role of Research: Ongoing research and extension services are essential for adapting and refining innovative practices to local conditions.
    • Recent Example: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) continues to conduct research on optimizing SRI and other practices for different agro-climatic zones.

    7. Recommendations for Enhancing Productivity and Sustainability

    Scaling Up Successful Practices

    • Expansion and Training: Expanding successful practices like SRI through targeted training programs and scaling up implementation in diverse regions.
    • Recommendation: Developing region-specific strategies and expanding extension services to support broader adoption of innovative practices.

    Strengthening Infrastructure and Support

    • Infrastructure Development: Improving infrastructure for irrigation, seed supply, and technical support to facilitate the adoption of innovative practices.
    • Recommendation: Investing in infrastructure and providing financial support to farmers for adopting new technologies.

    Promoting Research and Development

    • Ongoing Innovation: Supporting research and development to continuously improve crop management practices and adapt them to changing environmental conditions.
    • Recommendation: Increasing funding for agricultural research and encouraging public-private partnerships for innovation.

    8. Conclusion

    The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and other innovative crop management practices have shown significant potential in enhancing productivity and sustainability in Indian agriculture. While SRI has demonstrated notable success in rice cultivation, similar principles can benefit other crops like wheat. However, challenges such as regional adaptation, infrastructure deficits, and the need for comprehensive support must be addressed. By scaling up successful practices, strengthening infrastructure, and promoting ongoing research, India can further enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability across diverse agro-climatic zones.

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Shekhar jaat
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Shekhar jaatBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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Describe what you mean by urban agriculture and list the many kinds. Talk about its importance in relation to India as well. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Meera Singh
    Meera Singh Begginer

    Urban agriculture refers to agricultural practices followed in urban and peri-urban areas i.e. growing of plants and the rearing of animals primarily for food and other domestic use within a city or a town. It also involves activities such as the production, processing, marketing, and delivery of faRead more

    Urban agriculture refers to agricultural practices followed in urban and peri-urban areas i.e. growing of plants and the rearing of animals primarily for food and other domestic use within a city or a town. It also involves activities such as the production, processing, marketing, and delivery of farming products.

    Urban agriculture has different types:

    • Backyard Gardens: Backyard Garden farming is a type of urban farming carried out on the house property to grow food which if the surplus is shared among neighbors, friends, and family.
    • Street Landscaping: In this type of urban farming, grass, landscaping, street trees, vegetation, and others are produced in the private streets of the society or community.
    • Vertical Farms: Vertical farming is the practice of producing crops vertically stacked. It also provides controlled environment farming. Vertical farming aims to optimize crop growth.
    • Forest Gardening: Forest gardening is the practice of having grown gardens in the urban forest. In this type, different types of crops are produced.
    • Rooftop Gardens: Rooftop gardens provide temperature control, architectural enhancement, corridors for wildlife, habitats, and recreational opportunities with decorative benefits.
    • Aquaponics: In aquaponics, fish are raised in water tanks. In these tanks, plants are also grown, and the waste from the fish gives manure to the plants.
    • Urban Beekeeping: It is also known as backyard beekeeping or hobby beekeeping. It is said that bees from the city are healthier and more productive.
    • Greenhouse: It includes the practice of agriculture in commercial, residential, and communal urban spaces. It helps farmers to increase their yield and performance with improved quality.

    Significance for India

    • Decentralized Production: Small-scale decentralized production can supplement diets at the household or community level.
    • Environment Management: Urban agriculture can combat the urban heat island effect and function as an urban lung in addition to providing visual appeal. Additionally, it brings purposeful recreation that has a direct impact on city health.
    • Eco-Cultural Learning: Urban agriculture helps city dwellers establish linkages with nature and educate them about its richness and diversity.
    • Waste Management: The use of suitably treated wastewater for urban agriculture can reduce the demand for fresh water and help in wastewater disposal.
      • Moreover, organic waste from the city can be composted and used in food and flower production which can reduce the total quantum of waste and its dumping on land, thereby, reducing the requirement of landfills.
    • Employment Generation: It can add to the number of jobs improve livelihood opportunities in the cities and generate some income, especially for the poor. As urban populations grow, urban agriculture must become vital to municipal functions. Similarly, urban plans must include urban agriculture in their land-use strategies.
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Dipshikha Anand
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Dipshikha AnandLearner
Asked: July 27, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
  • 0

Explain the 5-year plans in terms of employment generation in India since independence.

question
  1. Sunita Soni
    Sunita Soni Begginer

    India's 5-year plans, also known as the Five-Year Plans, are a series of national development plans designed to promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve the quality of life for the Indian population. Since independence in 1947, India has implemented several 5-year plans to achieve theseRead more

    India’s 5-year plans, also known as the Five-Year Plans, are a series of national development plans designed to promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve the quality of life for the Indian population. Since independence in 1947, India has implemented several 5-year plans to achieve these goals. Here’s an overview of the employment generation aspect of each plan:

    First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956)

    • Focus: Infrastructure development, agriculture, and industrialization
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 3.5 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a moderate growth rate of 4.1% in GDP, but employment growth was slower at 2.5%

    Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961)

    • Focus: Heavy industry development, irrigation, and agriculture
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 5.5 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a moderate growth rate of 4.8% in GDP, with employment growth increasing to 3.1%

    Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966)

    • Focus: Rapid industrialization, agricultural development, and infrastructure expansion
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 7.5 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a higher growth rate of 5.4% in GDP, with employment growth increasing to 4.2%

    Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974)

    • Focus: Economic liberalization, diversification, and accelerated growth
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 10 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a moderate growth rate of 4.3% in GDP, with employment growth slowing down to 2.9%

    Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979)

    • Focus: Social and economic development, especially in the rural areas
    • Employment generation: The plan aimed to create 12 million jobs in the organized sector
    • Achievements: The plan saw a moderate growth rate of 4.8% in GDP, with employment growth increasing to 3.5%
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Rajni Gautam
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Rajni GautamBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
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The emergence of climate change is contributing to the resurgence of millet farming. Talk about it. Mention the initiatives the government has taking to boost millet production in India as well. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Bhairavi Gauatam
    Bhairavi Gauatam Begginer

    The agricultural sector is one of the sectors most sensitive to climate change because the climate of a region determines the nature and characteristics of vegetation and crops. In such a situation, there is a need to look for crops, which can survive the ongoing climate change. In this context, theRead more

    The agricultural sector is one of the sectors most sensitive to climate change because the climate of a region determines the nature and characteristics of vegetation and crops. In such a situation, there is a need to look for crops, which can survive the ongoing climate change. In this context, the cultivation of millets is being revived owing to the following reasons:

    • Millets are hardy crops that can thrive in varying agro-climate regions and can withstand extreme temperatures and droughts. Some varieties of pearl millets survive at temperatures up to 46 degrees Celsius.
    • These crops help mitigate the effects of climate change through their lower carbon footprint per hectare as compared to wheat and rice.
    • Millets also require less water than rice, sugarcane, and wheat. They grow well in dry zones as rain-fed crops.
    • They grow well on poor soils as well. In many areas, millets are cultivated on grazing lands, which were unused for any other profitable work prior to this.
    • Their cultivation cost is lesser when compared to other crops since millets are mostly cultivated on natural farming-based techniques, eliminating a lot of other input costs.
    • Millets are called ‘famine reserves’ as they have a short growing season of 65 days and can be stored for two years or beyond.

    Moreover, climate change, which is now impacting agricultural production and food stability, threatens nutritional security as well. In this context, millets gain importance as they act as rich sources of macronutrients and micronutrients, with high levels of calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, protein, and essential amino acids. They are non-glutinous and rich in antioxidants as well. India currently has around 14 million hectares of land under millet cultivation. Further, according to the fourth advance estimates for the year 2021-22, about 16 million tonnes of millet have been produced in India, which is about 5 percent of the national food grain basket. Considering the benefits, various steps have been taken by the government to promote millet cultivation, including:

    • Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millet Promotion (INSIMP), which was launched in 2011-12 to promote millets as “Nutri-cereals” and enhance India’s nutritional security. It is a part of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.
    • The government declared 2018 as the National Year of Millets and launched the Millet Mission as part of the National Food Security Mission, which has led to the promotion of technological interventions, improvement in seed quality, and a minimum support price (MSP).
    • Integrated Cereals Development Programmes in Coarse Cereals under Macro Management of Agriculture scheme to increase the overall productivity under specific crop-based systems.
    • The government allowed the inclusion of “nutri- cereals” in the Public Distribution System (PDS) and the Mid-Day Meal scheme.
    • State governments have launched several schemes to give an impetus to the production of millets, such as the Odisha Millets Mission.

    With 2023 being the UN-designated International Year of Millets, there is a need to promote and strengthen the value chain for millets and millet-based products, including the ready-to-eat category. Millets are being increasingly recognized as climate-smart crops with enormous nutritional and health benefits.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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What obstacles does crop diversification face today? In what ways may developing technology help diversify agricultural production? (250 words) [UPSC 2021]

upsc: cropping pattern
  1. Aadhav Sharma
    Aadhav Sharma Enthusiast

    Present Challenges Before Crop Diversification **1. Monoculture Dependency: Many regions in India rely heavily on monoculture, particularly the cultivation of a single crop like paddy or wheat, due to traditional practices and market incentives. This dependency limits the adoption of diverse croppinRead more

    Present Challenges Before Crop Diversification

    **1. Monoculture Dependency: Many regions in India rely heavily on monoculture, particularly the cultivation of a single crop like paddy or wheat, due to traditional practices and market incentives. This dependency limits the adoption of diverse cropping systems.

    **2. Inadequate Infrastructure: The lack of sufficient irrigation facilities, market access, and storage infrastructure hampers the ability of farmers to switch to new or diverse crops. For example, regions with insufficient irrigation often focus on water-intensive crops like paddy.

    **3. Economic Viability: Farmers may be reluctant to diversify due to the economic risks associated with new crops, such as uncertain market prices and yield. For instance, growing high-value crops like fruits and vegetables requires investment and risk management which many smallholders might not afford.

    **4. Lack of Knowledge and Extension Services: There is often a knowledge gap about the benefits and techniques of crop diversification. Agricultural extension services may be insufficient in providing the necessary training and support to farmers.

    Emerging Technologies Providing Opportunities for Crop Diversification

    **1. Precision Agriculture: Technologies like drones, satellite imagery, and soil sensors help in assessing soil health and optimizing crop selection. For instance, Precision Farming provides data on soil conditions that can guide farmers in choosing appropriate crops for their land.

    **2. Genetic Engineering: Advances in crop genetics have led to the development of drought-resistant and high-yielding varieties of diverse crops. The introduction of GM crops like Bt cotton and biofortified crops helps in adapting to varying climatic conditions.

    **3. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate-resilient farming practices supported by technology, such as drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting, enable farmers to cultivate a variety of crops even under adverse weather conditions.

    **4. Digital Platforms: Agri-tech platforms and mobile apps provide real-time market information, weather forecasts, and expert advice, helping farmers make informed decisions about crop diversification. For example, apps like Kisan Suvidha offer critical insights that support crop diversification strategies.

    **5. Supply Chain Innovations: Cold storage solutions and efficient logistics supported by technology improve the marketability and shelf-life of diverse crops, encouraging farmers to grow high-value crops like fruits and vegetables.

    Conclusion: While crop diversification faces challenges such as monoculture dependency, inadequate infrastructure, and economic risks, emerging technologies offer significant opportunities to overcome these barriers. By leveraging precision agriculture, genetic engineering, climate-smart practices, and digital platforms, farmers can enhance their ability to diversify crops, leading to more resilient and sustainable agricultural systems.

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Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition of Cropping Patterns: Explain what cropping patterns are and the factors influencing them (geo-climatic, socio-economic, historical). Significance of the Topic: Introduce the relevance of shifting emphasis on certain crops, particularly millets. 2. Historical Context of Cropping Patterns Traditional ...

upsc: cropping pattern
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    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Cropping patterns refer to the distribution of various crops over agricultural land at a given time and are influenced by geo-climatic, socio-economic, and historical factors. Recent shifts in cropping patterns highlight a renewed emphasis on certain crops, particularly milRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Cropping patterns refer to the distribution of various crops over agricultural land at a given time and are influenced by geo-climatic, socio-economic, and historical factors. Recent shifts in cropping patterns highlight a renewed emphasis on certain crops, particularly millets.

    Changes in Cropping Patterns

    Post-Green Revolution Impact

    The Green Revolution significantly altered India’s cropping patterns, leading to the dominance of paddy, wheat, cotton, soybean, and sugarcane, which now occupy more than half of the total sown area. This shift resulted in a monoculture system, particularly the rice-wheat cycle, which displaced traditional crops like millets, oilseeds, and pulses that were better suited to local conditions.

    Environmental Consequences

    The emphasis on these high-demand crops has led to soil degradation, declining fertility, and groundwater depletion. Additionally, the reliance on chemical fertilizers has resulted in pollution, adversely affecting human health.

    Resurgence of Pulses and Millets

    Recently, the focus has shifted back to millets and pulses due to changing consumer preferences, water scarcity, and the need for sustainable agricultural practices.

    Emphasis on Millets: The NutriCereals

    Millets, including sorghum (jowar), pearl millet (bajra), and finger millet (ragi), are now recognized as “NutriCereals” for their high nutritional value.

    Climate Resilience

    Millets are drought-resistant and require less water, making them ideal for regions facing unpredictable weather. Their short growing season (approximately 65 days) allows for multiple cropping cycles.

    Nutritional Benefits

    Rich in fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals, millets address widespread micronutrient deficiencies. They are also gluten-free, catering to those with celiac disease or gluten intolerance.

    Sustainability and Adaptability

    Millets are often cultivated using traditional farming methods, promoting sustainability. Their adaptability to various soils and climates makes them a versatile option for farmers.

    Government Initiatives

    In recognition of their importance, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets, and various states in India are distributing millets through the Public Distribution System (PDS).

    Conclusion

    India’s Millet Revolution reflects a growing awareness of the health and environmental benefits of millets. As traditional agricultural practices are revived, millets offer a promising avenue for enhancing food security and improving farmer incomes, addressing both nutritional and ecological challenges.

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