Oceanography
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What are the forces that influence ocean currents? Describe their role in fishing industry of the world. ( 250 words ) [UPSC 2022]
Ocean currents are primarily influenced by several forces: wind, the Coriolis effect, water density differences, and the configuration of coastlines and ocean basins. Wind: Surface currents are driven by wind patterns, which are influenced by the Earth’s rotation and atmospheric conditions. Trade wiRead more
Ocean currents are primarily influenced by several forces: wind, the Coriolis effect, water density differences, and the configuration of coastlines and ocean basins.
Role in the Fishing Industry: Ocean currents significantly impact the global fishing industry. Currents influence the distribution and abundance of marine species by affecting water temperature, nutrient availability, and migratory patterns. Upwelling currents, such as those off the coasts of Peru and California, bring nutrient-rich deep water to the surface, supporting large populations of plankton and, consequently, fish. These areas are among the most productive fishing grounds in the world.
The Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio Current, for instance, carry warm waters that create ideal conditions for various fish species, benefiting the fishing industries in regions like the North Atlantic and the Western Pacific. Additionally, currents help transport fish larvae across different regions, supporting diverse marine ecosystems and sustainable fisheries. Understanding and predicting these currents is crucial for managing fish stocks and maintaining the sustainability of the fishing industry globally.
See lessDo national and international defence organisations have any binding environmental laws to follow?
National and international defense organizations are increasingly subject to binding environmental laws and regulations aimed at minimizing their environmental impact. At the national level, defense organizations must comply with the environmental legislation of their respective countries. This inclRead more
National and international defense organizations are increasingly subject to binding environmental laws and regulations aimed at minimizing their environmental impact. At the national level, defense organizations must comply with the environmental legislation of their respective countries. This includes adhering to regulations on pollution control, waste management, and resource conservation. For instance, in the United States, the Department of Defense (DoD) is required to comply with laws such as the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Clean Air Act, and the Clean Water Act. These laws mandate that defense activities, including training exercises and base operations, must be conducted in an environmentally responsible manner, with efforts to prevent pollution, conserve resources, and protect natural habitats.
Internationally, defense organizations are bound by various treaties and agreements that address environmental protection. One prominent example is the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which establishes principles for environmental protection and designates Antarctica as a natural reserve. Defense activities conducted by signatory nations in Antarctica must comply with these stringent environmental standards. Additionally, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) includes provisions to protect the marine environment, which are binding on the navies and maritime operations of its member states.
Furthermore, defense organizations participate in international forums and initiatives that promote environmental sustainability. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), for instance, has established a Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme, which includes projects aimed at addressing environmental security challenges. Through such initiatives, member states commit to integrating environmental considerations into their defense planning and operations.
Despite these regulations and agreements, the enforcement and implementation of environmental laws within defense organizations can be challenging due to the nature of military activities and the priority often given to national security. However, there is a growing recognition of the need for sustainable practices, and defense organizations are increasingly adopting measures to reduce their environmental footprint, such as investing in green technologies, conducting environmental impact assessments, and enhancing environmental awareness and training among their personnel.
See lessOceans
Climate change is predicted to significantly impact sea levels through several mechanisms. The primary driver is the thermal expansion of seawater as global temperatures rise, causing ocean water to expand and increase sea levels. Additionally, the melting of glaciers and ice sheets in Greenland andRead more
Climate change is predicted to significantly impact sea levels through several mechanisms. The primary driver is the thermal expansion of seawater as global temperatures rise, causing ocean water to expand and increase sea levels. Additionally, the melting of glaciers and ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica contributes to rising sea levels, as the added freshwater from these sources flows into the oceans.
The loss of ice from these regions is accelerating, further exacerbating sea level rise. Coastal areas are particularly vulnerable, with predictions suggesting that sea levels could rise by up to 1 meter or more by the end of the century under high-emission scenarios. This increase threatens to inundate low-lying coastal regions, leading to increased flooding, erosion, and habitat loss. Cities and communities situated along coastlines may face severe impacts, including damage to infrastructure, displacement of populations, and significant economic costs. Adaptation and mitigation strategies are crucial to manage these anticipated effects.
See lessHow can we improve Oceanography and its corresponding Technology and why is it important to us ?
Oceanography:it is a science of oceans,which provides us information about oceans of the world.It covers about 71 % of the Earth's surface. In the study of oceanography it includes all the parameters,it's physical properties i.e salinity, temperature,ocean currents etc,it's chemical properties i.e gRead more
Oceanography:it is a science of oceans,which provides us information about oceans of the world.It covers about 71 % of the Earth’s surface.
In the study of oceanography it includes all the parameters,it’s physical properties i.e salinity, temperature,ocean currents etc,it’s chemical properties i.e gases present in it, nutrients etc,andong with these we also need to consider the living organisms, microorganisms,plants,animals etc.
Improvement of oceanography
For the improvement of oceanography we need to consider broad range of aspects such as,
1) Proper data collection:by installing more advanced sensors, underwater vehicles, satellites etc. to gather more advanced and apt data for the scientists to analyse and work upon it.
2) Modelling and prediction:by developing accurate models that can predict ocean behaviour such as it’s climate changes and its impact,oceanic currents circulation,water sea level rise,patterns of currents.
3) Collaborations:by interdisciplinary collaborations between the biologists, climatologists, oceanographers and scientists related to relevant fields will bring more holistic approach and understanding of the oceans.
4) Technology advancement: Innovative ideas through new technologies such as AI,etc,will help in smart solutions in timely manner.
5) Conservation: Promoting sustainable use of oceans in public,make them understand the importance of it ,and make scientific way of conservation efforts.
6) Policy support: bringing up policies that are informed by oceanographers to overcome challenges such as climate change, overfishing,marine pollution etc.
By understanding these areas we can bring changes in the oceangraphy.
Technological application
Moniter systems:to keep an eye on migration of maine beings.It will help in monitoring there behaviour and migration patterns.
Drones:it will give real time high resolution information about ocean,that will help in improving fisheries , identify threatened species,oil spills and also observe coral reefs.
Geographical information systems(GIS) -to monitor the real time movements of the marine animals.
Animal telemetry -involves marine animals to carry electric tags which enables us to know how these animals interact with oceans and also reach unreachable areas of oceans through it.
It is important to improve the oceans through various approaches and technologies as it is an essential and major part of our earth surface.
See lessHow do early warning systems for tsunamis work, and what technologies are involved? Discuss the roles of seismographs, buoys, and satellite communication.
Components & Working: A Tsunami Warning Centre operating on 24x7 basis. A network of land-based seismic stations for earthquake detection. A network of 12 Bottom Pressure Recorders (that could detect and measure a change in water level of 1 cm at water depths of up to 6 km of water). A network oRead more
Components & Working:
A Tsunami Warning Centre operating on 24×7 basis.
A network of land-based seismic stations for earthquake detection.
A network of 12 Bottom Pressure Recorders (that could detect and measure a change in water level of 1 cm at water depths of up to 6 km of water).
A network of tsunami buoy system it measures the change in height of the water column then this water column height is communicated and then relayed via satellite to the tsunami warning center.
Real-time observational network for upper ocean parameters and surface met-ocean parameters.
A network of 50 real time tide gauges, radar- based coastal monitoring stations and current meter moorings to monitor progress of tsunami and storm surges .
See lessThe EWS receives real-time Seismic data from the National Seismic Network the system detects all earthquake events of more than 6 Magnitude occurring in the Ocean . BPRs installed in the Deep Ocean and Buoys are the key sensors to confirm the triggering of Tsunami through INSAT end-to-end communication takes place and disseminate alerts to MHA by satellite- based virtual private network (VPN DMS). This network enables early warning center to disseminate warnings to the MHA, as well as to the State Emergency Operations Centers.
Explain bioluminescence with suitable examples
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See lessWhat should be do for preparation of entrance?
At first understand the entramce exam pattern After that understand the syllabus Make a schedule and start working hard and smart work is also necessary leave the rest of the gods.
At first understand the entramce exam pattern After that understand the syllabus Make a schedule and start working hard and smart work is also necessary leave the rest of the gods.
See lessHow New Tech is Shedding Light on Deep-Sea Trench Life
Recent advances in oceanographic equipment have significantly increased our understanding of deep-sea trench biology. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), such as the "ABYSS," are essential for this research. These robotic submarines can dive to great depths, navigate intricate underwater terrain,Read more
Recent advances in oceanographic equipment have significantly increased our understanding of deep-sea trench biology. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), such as the “ABYSS,” are essential for this research. These robotic submarines can dive to great depths, navigate intricate underwater terrain, and collect data autonomously over lengthy periods of time. They create accurate maps of the seafloor and gather samples from previously inaccessible areas, offering fresh information about these fascinating habitats. Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are also required for deep-sea exploration. These tethered robots, which are operated from the surface, are outfitted with high-definition cameras, manipulator arms, and a variety of sensors. ROVs, like the “Deep Discoverer,” have explored the Mariana Trench, recording amazing photographs and films while also gathering biological and geological samples.
This hands-on experience with the deep-sea environment allows scientists to investigate life forms and ecosystems directly, resulting in the discovery of new species and a greater knowledge of how life adapts to such harsh conditions.
Furthermore, new sensor technologies, such as chemical and biological sensors, have increased our capacity to monitor environmental conditions and identify indications of life. These technology advances are providing new insights into the biodiversity and biological dynamics of deep-sea trenches.
See lessHow does the age of oceanic crust change as one moves away from a mid-ocean ridge, and what does this reveal about sea floor spreading?
The mid-ocean ridge stands as Earth's most expansive mountain range along the divergent plate boundaries, spanning almost 65,000 km in length, with over 90 percent of it submerged beneath the deep ocean. Among the globally recognized mid-ocean ridges, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific RiseRead more
The mid-ocean ridge stands as Earth’s most expansive mountain range along the divergent plate boundaries, spanning almost 65,000 km in length, with over 90 percent of it submerged beneath the deep ocean. Among the globally recognized mid-ocean ridges, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise are particularly well-researched. This vast mountain range unlocks insights into the age progression of oceanic crust as it distances itself from mid-ocean ridges as discussed below:
Changes in the Age of Oceanic Crust as One Moves Away from the Mid-Oceanic Ridge:
Revelations about the Sea Floor Spreading:
The transition of oceanic crust away from a mid-ocean ridge marks a significant transformation, demonstrating the dynamic forces at play in Earth’s crust and forming a cornerstone in our comprehension of sea floor spreading. While our current understanding has constraints, especially in dating older oceanic crust, future advances in geological research and technology offer promise in delving deeper into this process and broadening our comprehension of Earth’s geological dynamics.
See lessExamine the intricate interplay between physical processes and climatic factors influencing the genesis and dissipation of oceanic eddies, while assessing their profound effects on marine ecosystems and global climate patterns.
Oceanic eddies are like underwater tornadoes. They swirl around and can move warm or cold water across the ocean. For example, eddies in the Gulf Stream help carry warm water from the tropics up towards the North Atlantic. They're important for ocean health and climate. Interplay between physical prRead more
Oceanic eddies are like underwater tornadoes. They swirl around and can move warm or cold water across the ocean. For example, eddies in the Gulf Stream help carry warm water from the tropics up towards the North Atlantic. They’re important for ocean health and climate.
Interplay between physical processes and climatic factors influences the genesis of oceanic eddies
Interplay between physical processes and climatic factors influences the dissipation of oceanic eddies
Profound effects of oceanic eddies on marine ecosystems and global climate patterns
Going ahead, given the complexity and global scale of these processes, the study of oceanic eddies is of paramount importance for improving our understanding and prediction of climate change and its impacts on marine ecosystems.
See less