Geography

Model Answer

Introduction

The groundwater potential of the Gangetic Valley is on a serious decline, which poses significant threats to food security in India. This region is crucial for the country’s agricultural output, but the depletion of groundwater resources jeopardizes its ability to sustain crop yields.

Decline in Groundwater Potential

1. Over-extraction: The relentless extraction of groundwater for irrigation has led to alarming decreases in water levels. For instance, in Punjab, groundwater levels have reportedly dropped by over 1 meter per year in some areas.
2. Pollution: Agricultural runoff and industrial waste have contaminated groundwater sources, rendering them unsuitable for irrigation. The Ganga river’s water quality in states like Uttar Pradesh has deteriorated due to industrial discharges, impacting both groundwater and surface water resources.
3. Urbanization: Rapid urban development in cities like Kanpur and Varanasi has escalated groundwater usage, further straining these dwindling resources.
4. Climate Change: Erratic monsoon patterns have reduced natural groundwater recharge, exacerbating the depletion issue. For example, Bihar has experienced inconsistent groundwater replenishment due to altered rainfall patterns.
5. Inefficient Irrigation Practices: Traditional flood irrigation methods waste substantial amounts of water, contributing to the decline in groundwater levels. In West Bengal, such practices have significantly impacted the groundwater table.

Impact on Food Security

1. Reduced Crop Yields: Groundwater depletion directly limits irrigation, leading to significant reductions in crop yields. Farmers in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh have reported up to 30% lower yields for staples like paddy and wheat due to insufficient water availability.
2. Increased Dependence on Rainfed Agriculture: With declining groundwater, farmers are forced to rely more on rainfed agriculture, increasing vulnerability to erratic monsoon seasons.
3. Crop Diversification Challenges: The decline in groundwater restricts farmers from diversifying crops, particularly in Punjab, where reliance on water-intensive rice limits the adoption of less demanding crops like pulses.
4. Threat to Livestock Farming: Limited groundwater availability affects livestock health, reducing productivity in dairy and meat production, which exacerbates food security issues.
5. Long-term Sustainability Issues: Continuous groundwater depletion threatens agricultural sustainability, with many districts facing potential water scarcity if current trends persist.

Conclusion

To safeguard India’s food security, immediate and collaborative efforts are required, including sustainable groundwater management and the adoption of water-efficient farming practices. A proactive approach is essential to preserve the agricultural backbone of the Gangetic Valley and ensure long-term food sustainability for the nation.