Geography

Model Answer

Introduction

Non-conventional energy sources, also known as renewable energy sources, are essential for India’s energy security. These sources, including solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, are sustainable, environmentally friendly, and naturally replenishing. Their role is becoming increasingly significant in supplementing the country’s existing hydrocarbon resources.

Role in Energy Security

1. Diversification of Energy Mix:
   Non-conventional energy sources, such as solar and wind, contribute to diversifying India’s energy mix. As of 2021, renewable energy accounted for 24% of India’s total installed power capacity, with solar and wind power leading the way. The government’s target to achieve 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, including 100 GW from solar and 60 GW from wind, highlights the growing importance of these sources.
2. Energy Independence:
   By utilizing non-conventional energy, India can reduce its dependency on imported hydrocarbons. Currently, India imports over 80% of its crude oil and around 45% of its natural gas needs. Solar power projects in states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu are already helping reduce reliance on coal-fired power and imported coal.
3. Environmental Benefits:
   Non-conventional energy sources contribute significantly to environmental sustainability by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. For example, India’s renewable energy capacity has helped avoid approximately 49 million tons of CO2 emissions annually, showcasing the environmental advantages over traditional hydrocarbon resources.

Complementing Hydrocarbon Resources

1. Solar Energy: Installing solar panels on rooftops reduces reliance on conventional power sources.
2. Wind Energy: Wind farms supplement electricity production.
3. Biomass: Biomass, such as bioethanol, offers an alternative fuel for transportation.
4. Hydropower and Geothermal: Hydropower plants and geothermal energy can supplement the power supply, especially in remote areas.

Conclusion

Non-conventional energy sources are crucial in ensuring India’s energy security. By complementing the country’s hydrocarbon resources, they pave the way for a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable energy future.