Daily Answer Writing

Model Answer

Introduction

Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) are collective investment vehicles that facilitate direct investments in infrastructure projects, similar to mutual funds. Governed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) under the Infrastructure Investment Trusts (Amendment) Regulations, 2016, InvITs allow individual and institutional investors to earn returns from long-term revenue-generating assets. They operate through a tiered structure where a sponsor establishes the InvIT, which invests in eligible projects either directly or through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs).

Key Features

1. Hybrid Investment: InvITs combine features of both equity and debt, providing a balanced risk-return profile.
2. Market Tradability: Public InvIT units can be listed and traded on stock exchanges, enhancing liquidity.
3. Regulatory Oversight: InvITs must invest at least 80% of their assets in completed, revenue-generating projects, which minimizes investment risk and ensures stable cash flows.

Importance in India’s Growth and Development

1. Infrastructure Creation: InvITs play a crucial role in mobilizing capital for infrastructure projects, thereby supporting economic development and job creation.
2. Stable Capital Recycling: They allow infrastructure developers to recycle capital from existing projects, facilitating ongoing investments in new ventures.
3. Attracting Foreign Investment: InvITs have become appealing to foreign investors, including pension and sovereign wealth funds, contributing to the inflow of foreign capital.
4. Robust Governance: The regulatory framework ensures high corporate governance standards, promoting investor confidence and ensuring stable, long-term returns.
5. Quality Asset Management: By focusing on high-quality, completed infrastructure assets, InvITs mitigate demand and price-related risks, offering predictable cash flows.

Conclusion

In conclusion, InvITs are pivotal to addressing India’s infrastructure deficit and fostering sustainable economic growth, although they come with certain operational risks that need management (Source: SEBI Regulations, 2016).

Model Answer

Introduction

The National Rail Plan (NRP) for India – 2030 aims to develop a ‘future ready’ railway system by 2030 through a comprehensive strategy that addresses both operational and commercial aspects of railway transport. This initiative is crucial for enhancing the efficiency and capacity of Indian Railways, which is considered the growth engine of the nation.

Key Objectives of the NRP

1. Increase Modal Share in Freight: The NRP aims to increase the modal share of Railways in freight transport to 45%. This is a significant shift from the historical focus on passenger services, addressing the need for a balanced approach to freight and passenger transport.
2. Enhance Speed and Efficiency: One of the critical strategies includes reducing transit times for freight by increasing the average speed of freight trains to 50 km/h. This enhancement is expected to improve the overall efficiency of freight transport.
3. Vision 2024 Initiatives: The NRP includes the Vision 2024 initiative, which focuses on the accelerated implementation of essential projects. These include achieving 100% electrification, multi-tracking congested routes, and upgrading speeds on major routes such as Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai to 160 km/h and 130 km/h respectively.
4. Infrastructure Development: The plan emphasizes identifying new Dedicated Freight Corridors and High-Speed Rail Corridors, assessing rolling stock and locomotive requirements, and ensuring sustained private sector involvement in operations and infrastructure development.
5. Investment Assessment: A thorough assessment of the total capital investment required for these initiatives is also part of the NRP, ensuring that financial models, including Public-Private Partnerships (PPP), are explored to support these developments.

Conclusion

The NRP is a forward-looking initiative that not only aims to meet the current demands of the railway system but also prepares for future growth up to 2050. By focusing on both freight and passenger services, the NRP seeks to create a more balanced and efficient railway network in India.

Model Answer

Introduction

India, with a coastline exceeding 7,500 kilometers, is serviced by 13 major ports and over 200 minor ports. Despite this, several key issues obstruct the development of port infrastructure:

1. Financial Constraints

Underinvestment and inadequate financing have led to insufficient port infrastructure, particularly affecting non-major ports.

• Fact: The Economic Survey 2021-22 highlights financial underperformance as a significant challenge in port development.

2. Limited Private Sector Involvement

The financial viability of port projects deters private developers and financiers. Many greenfield projects are located in remote areas, requiring significant government support for basic infrastructure development.

• Fact: Private investment remains low due to high risks associated with initial costs and uncertain returns.

3. Regulatory Issues

Major and non-major ports operate under different jurisdictions, leading to a rigid regulatory framework. Land acquisition challenges and delays in environmental clearances further complicate infrastructure development.

• Fact: These regulatory hurdles can significantly delay project timelines and increase costs.

4. Infrastructure Bottlenecks

High turnover and pre-berthing times make Indian ports less competitive. For example, the average ship turnaround time in Singapore is less than a day, while in India, it exceeds two days.

• Fact: Inefficiencies in port operations lead to higher freight costs for traders.

5. Old Docks and Terminals

Poor maintenance of existing ports and a lack of modernization efforts have resulted in outdated facilities.

• Fact: Many ports suffer from inadequate maintenance, affecting their operational efficiency.

Recent Government Measures

Recognizing the importance of modernizing port infrastructure, the Indian government has undertaken several initiatives:

1. Sagarmala Project

This initiative aims to modernize ports and promote port-led development, enhancing coastal economic growth.

2. Central Port Authority (CPA) Act

Passed in 2016, this act grants greater autonomy to major ports, allowing for improved governance and operation.

3. Revised Model Concession Agreement (MCA)

This agreement incentivizes private sector involvement in port development, including a 10-year tax holiday for companies that maintain and operate ports.

4. Major Port Authorities Act, 2021

This act enables better regulation and planning of major ports by transferring administrative control to port authority boards.

5. New Captive Policy

This policy addresses challenges related to concession renewals, expansion, and creating a business-friendly environment for port-dependent industries.

6. Enhancing Ease of Doing Business

Initiatives like the Enterprise Business System (EBS) and National Logistics Portal (Marine) aim to digitize processes and improve operational efficiency in major ports.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Maritime Indian Vision 2030 aims to enhance port infrastructure and provide the necessary impetus for the rapid expansion of India’s port sector, crucial for economic competitiveness.

Model Answer

Introduction

E-technology is revolutionizing agriculture in India, enhancing productivity and income for farmers. Here are some key benefits:

1. Improved Decision-Making

E-technology provides farmers with essential information, allowing for better decision-making regarding their agricultural practices. For example, weather advisories enable timely sowing of seeds, which can significantly boost productivity.

2. Better Planning

Continuous monitoring of land through e-technology helps in early detection of issues, leading to efficient farming. Technologies like big data, satellite imagery, and drone patrolling facilitate optimal resource planning, such as water management, thereby increasing productivity and reducing manual labor.

3. Community Involvement

IT applications promote community engagement among farmers, improving coordination and collaboration. This leads to enhanced crop production and better income for farmers as they share resources and knowledge.

4. Agricultural Breakthroughs

E-technology enables swift dissemination of information regarding the latest agricultural innovations. Farmers can easily access new technologies and practices, which fosters collective progress in the agricultural sector.

Government Measures to Promote E-Technology

The Indian government has implemented several initiatives to integrate e-technology into agriculture:

• AGMARKNET: This e-governance portal provides real-time data on prices and commodity arrivals, ensuring transparency for producers, consumers, and policymakers.
• Kisan Suvidha App: A comprehensive app that offers farmers vital information on weather, market prices, plant protection, and agricultural advisories.
• Other Agricultural Apps: Various applications like Al-Sowing for optimal seed sowing dates, Crop Insurance for premium calculations, and Pusa Krishi for crop information have been launched.
• Bhuvan Platform: Developed by ISRO, this geo-platform provides valuable data for plantation, pest surveillance, and weather forecasting.
• Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Central Agri Portal: A unified platform that facilitates government subsidies for modern agricultural machinery.
• e-NAM: This National Agriculture Market scheme supports e-marketing platforms and infrastructure in regulated markets.
• Unified Farmer Service Platform (UFSP): It ensures interoperability of various public and private IT systems in agriculture.

Further efforts are needed to enhance awareness, build digital infrastructure in rural areas, and encourage the adoption of e-technologies for increased agricultural productivity and income.

Model Answer

Introduction

In India, women face a disproportionately heavier burden of poverty compared to men due to various systemic issues. Understanding the causes of poverty among women and the measures taken to address it is crucial for promoting gender equality and economic empowerment.

Causes of Poverty Among Women

1. Unpaid Care Work: Women are primarily responsible for unpaid household work, spending approximately five hours daily on caregiving, while men spend only about half an hour. This imbalance leads to time poverty and limits women’s opportunities for paid employment.
2. Low Female Labour Force Participation Rate: Social stigma, violence, and unsafe working conditions deter women from entering the labor market. The Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) has declined from 30.3% in 1990 to just 20.5% in 2019.
3. Gender Gaps in Nutrition, Education, and Health: Women, especially in poorer households, face significant disparities in access to nutrition, education, and healthcare, further entrenching their poverty.
4. Low Wages: Women earn 34% less than men for the same work, which discourages them from seeking employment and perpetuates economic dependency.
5. Lack of Decent Work Conditions: A majority of women work in the informal sector, lacking employment contracts, legal rights, and social protections, which keeps them trapped in poverty.

Measures Taken to Address Poverty Among Women

1. Legislative Measures: The government has enacted laws such as the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013, to promote women’s rights and workplace safety.
2. Government Schemes: Initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and the One Stop Centre Scheme aim to address gender inequality and empower women.
3. National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW): This mission focuses on the overall development of women through various empowerment processes.
4. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK): This initiative provides micro-finance services to uplift poor women socio-economically.
5. Support to Training and Employment Program for Women (STEP): This program aims to ensure sustainable employment for marginalized women.
6. Working Women Hostels: These hostels provide safe accommodation for working women, facilitating their employment opportunities.

Roadmap for Answer Writing

1. Introduction (50-75 words)

• Context: Introduce the issue of poverty among women in India and the significance of addressing gender disparities.
• Thesis Statement: State that the answer will explore the causes of poverty among women and the measures taken to mitigate this issue.

2. Causes of Poverty Among Women (100-125 words)

• Unpaid Care Work: Explain how women’s responsibility for unpaid domestic work limits their opportunities for paid employment.
  • Fact: Women spend around five hours daily on unpaid care work, while men spend only half an hour.
• Low Female Labour Force Participation Rate: Discuss the decline in women’s participation in the workforce due to social stigma and unsafe working conditions.
  • Fact: FLFPR decreased from 30.3% in 1990 to 20.5% in 2019.
• Gender Gaps in Nutrition, Education, and Health: Highlight disparities that affect women’s socio-economic status, particularly in poorer households.
• Low Wages: Address the wage gap where women earn 34% less than their male counterparts for the same work.
• Lack of Decent Work Conditions: Mention the prevalence of informal employment and its associated vulnerabilities.

3. Measures Taken to Address Poverty Among Women (100-125 words)

• Legislative Measures: Describe key laws aimed at empowering women.
  • Fact: Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013.
• Government Schemes: Outline initiatives aimed at reducing gender inequality.
  • Fact: Programs like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and One Stop Centre Scheme focus on empowerment.
• National Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW): Discuss its role in promoting women’s development.
• Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK): Explain how this micro-finance initiative helps uplift poor women.
• Support to Training and Employment Program for Women (STEP): Mention efforts to ensure sustainable employment for marginalized women.
• Working Women Hostels: Discuss how these hostels facilitate safe accommodation for working women.

4. Conclusion (50-75 words)

• Summary: Recap the causes of poverty among women and the various measures taken to address these issues.
• Call for Action: Emphasize the importance of continued efforts and policies to empower women and reduce poverty effectively.