उत्तर लेखन के लिए रोडमैप 1. परिचय सबसे पहले, भारत में आर्थिक विकास, महिला शिक्षा, और प्रजनन दर में हुई प्रगति का संक्षिप्त उल्लेख करें। यह दिखाता है कि देश ने कई विकासात्मक मानकों में महत्वपूर्ण सफलता प्राप्त की है। महिला श्रम बल ...
Model Answer Unpaid Work: Indian women dedicate 8 times more hours to care work compared to men, which limits their participation in paid employment. This is one of the key factors contributing to the low FLFPR. (Source: 2019 Data) Lack of Care Infrastructure: Women's unpaid labor, including childcaRead more
Model Answer
- Unpaid Work: Indian women dedicate 8 times more hours to care work compared to men, which limits their participation in paid employment. This is one of the key factors contributing to the low FLFPR. (Source: 2019 Data)
- Lack of Care Infrastructure: Women’s unpaid labor, including childcare and elderly care, is valued at 3.1% of India’s GDP, but public sector expenditure on care infrastructure is below 1%. This disparity further restricts women’s ability to engage in the formal workforce. (Source: World Bank Report)
- Reduced Job Opportunities: Automation in agriculture and non-farm sectors has led to fewer job opportunities for women. McKinsey’s report suggests that up to 12 million women could lose jobs by 2030 due to technological advancements. (Source: McKinsey Report)
- Income Effect: As household incomes rise, the necessity for a “second income” diminishes. As a result, families often withdraw women from the workforce as a symbol of economic prosperity. (Source: IMF)
- Impact of COVID-19: The pandemic had a disproportionate effect on women, with 37.1% of adult women losing jobs compared to 27.7% of men by April 2020. (Source: World Bank)
Measures to Improve FLFPR in India
- Care Facilities: Establishing and upgrading care facilities for children and the elderly, particularly in rural areas, to reduce the burden of unpaid work on women.
- Recognition of Informal Workers: Recognizing the economic contributions of ASHAs, ANMs, and AWWs by classifying them as formal employees and incorporating their work in GDP calculations.
- Flexible Work Arrangements: Employers should offer flexible work options such as flex-time, job-sharing, and reduced working hours to make the workplace more inclusive for women.
- Sensitization and Awareness: Gender-equitable attitudes should be promoted through sensitization programs, engaging men and boys in the redistribution of domestic responsibilities.
- Incentives for Women Employment: Gender-specific employment targets in urban public works and wage subsidies to incentivize hiring women in MSMEs.
- Bridging the Digital Gender Divide: Investing in digital literacy and providing long-term training for women to equip them for emerging job opportunities in technology-driven sectors.
Conclusion
These measures, alongside collaborations between the government, private sector, and social organizations, can work towards increasing women’s participation in the workforce, ensuring better representation, and improving gender equality in the labor market.
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मॉडल उत्तर महिला श्रम बल भागीदारी दर (FLFPR) में गिरावट के कारण भारत में महिला श्रम बल भागीदारी दर (FLFPR) में लगातार गिरावट देखी गई है। 1987-88 में यह 47.1% थी, जो 2017-18 में घटकर 23% तक पहुँच गई, जो कि अब तक का सबसे निचला स्तर था। हालांकि 2020-21 तक यह 32.5% तक पहुंची, लेकिन यह अभी भी पुरुषों कीRead more
मॉडल उत्तर
महिला श्रम बल भागीदारी दर (FLFPR) में गिरावट के कारण
भारत में महिला श्रम बल भागीदारी दर (FLFPR) में लगातार गिरावट देखी गई है। 1987-88 में यह 47.1% थी, जो 2017-18 में घटकर 23% तक पहुँच गई, जो कि अब तक का सबसे निचला स्तर था। हालांकि 2020-21 तक यह 32.5% तक पहुंची, लेकिन यह अभी भी पुरुषों की 77% की दर से काफी कम है। इसके पीछे कुछ प्रमुख कारण हैं:
भारत में FLFPR में सुधार के उपाय
निष्कर्ष
महिला श्रम बल भागीदारी दर (FLFPR) में सुधार के लिए सरकार, निजी क्षेत्र, और सामाजिक क्षेत्र को मिलकर काम करने की आवश्यकता है। महिलाओं के कामकाजी परिस्थितियों में सुधार, वेतन अंतराल को कम करने, और उनके लिए रोजगार के अवसर बढ़ाने के लिए एक समन्वित प्रयास किया जाना चाहिए। यह न केवल महिलाओं की सामाजिक-आर्थिक स्थिति को मजबूत करेगा, बल्कि राष्ट्र की आर्थिक वृद्धि को भी तेज़ी से बढ़ावा देगा।
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