Model Answer

Tourism is a significant driver of India’s economy, contributing approximately $121.9 billion to the GDP in 2020. Its impacts extend beyond direct revenues, influencing infrastructure development and the promotion of arts and crafts.

Infrastructure Development

The growth of tourism necessitates robust infrastructure, which boosts several related sectors:

1. Connectivity: To attract tourists, India requires well-maintained transport links, including roads, railways, and airports. The airline market, valued at $20 billion in 2020, is projected to double by FY27 as airport infrastructure and passport accessibility improve (Source: Industry Reports).
2. Hospitality Infrastructure: With increasing demand for various accommodations, hospitality chains like Accor and Wyndham are expanding in India. According to OYO, the hospitality sector presents a $26 billion opportunity by 2030 (Source: OYO).
3. Medical Infrastructure: India is emerging as a hub for medical value tourism, with a projected growth rate of 21.1% from 2020 to 2027. The rise of affordable medical treatments and alternative medicine practices enhances this appeal (Source: Industry Analysis).
4. Digital Infrastructure: The tourism sector has led the way in digitizing business practices, from online bookings to the National Integrated Database of Hospitality Industry (NIDHI) initiative that promotes ease of doing business (Source: Government Publications).
5. Amusement Infrastructure: Initiatives for adventure tourism and thrill-based activities are being developed, particularly in regions like Ladakh, enhancing tourist experiences (Source: Ministry of Tourism).

Promotion of Arts and Crafts

Tourism significantly impacts local arts and crafts, with tourists often spending around 40% of their budgets on such items (Source: UNEP and UNTWO). Various government initiatives have been launched to promote native craftsmanship, including:

• Kutch Rann Utsav: This event significantly boosts the local economy by drawing thousands of tourists and showcasing regional arts.
• Craft Tourism Villages: Kerala and Tamil Nadu have initiated projects to promote local crafts through immersive experiences.
• Heritage Walks: Events in cities like Agra and Delhi highlight cultural legacies, enriching both tourists’ experiences and local artisans.

In 2020, tourism supported 31.8 million jobs in India, representing 7.3% of total employment, with projections suggesting growth to 53 million jobs by 2029 (Source: Government Data). The Indian government’s promotional campaigns like ‘Incredible India’ further enhance tourism’s growth potential.

These aspects illustrate how tourism interconnects with various sectors, fostering economic growth and cultural preservation in India.

Model Answer

The Pahari schools of painting emerged in the hill regions of Himachal Pradesh and neighboring areas of Punjab, Jammu, and Garhwal from the late 17th to the mid-19th centuries. These schools are closely linked to Rajasthani painting, with a central theme often depicting the eternal love of Radha and Krishna.

1. Basohli Painting

Basohli painting flourished in the late 17th and 18th centuries and is characterized by its vibrant colors and bold lines. Originating from the small princely state of Basohli, this style is noted for its distinctive features, including:

• Stylized Facial Types: Figures are often shown in profile with large, intense eyes.
• Brilliant Colors: Predominantly ochre yellow, brown, and green.
• Unique Techniques: Jewelry is depicted using thick, raised drops of white paint, and green beetle wings are often used to represent emeralds. One notable work is the Rasamanjari series from around 1690 (source: National Museum, New Delhi).

2. Guler Painting

Following Basohli, Guler painting introduced a more naturalistic style. This was exemplified by portraits of Raja Balwant Singh of Jasrota, created by the artist Nainsukh. Key characteristics include:

• Soft and Cool Colors: A shift from the boldness of Basohli to more delicate hues.
• Naturalistic Influences: The style was inspired by Mughal painting during the Muhammad Shah period (source: The Arts of India, R. R. Sharma).

3. Kangra Painting

Kangra painting represents the third and most refined phase of Pahari art, flourishing in the late 18th century. Notable aspects include:

• Delicate Drawing and Naturalism: Figures, particularly women’s faces, exhibit elongated features with sharp chins.
• Lack of Modeling: Hair is depicted as a flat mass, emphasizing flatness over three-dimensionality (source: Kangra Paintings: A Historical Study, R. K. Gupta).

Model Answer

Subhas Chandra Bose, popularly known as Netaji, was a pivotal figure in India’s struggle for independence, embodying assertive nationalism and advocating for armed resistance against British colonial rule.

1. Initial Contributions

Bose began his political career under the mentorship of C.R. Das, focusing on mobilizing the youth, students, and laborers in Calcutta. He emerged as a key educator and commandant of the Bengal Congress volunteers. In 1921, he founded the newspaper Swaraj, promoting nationalist ideas. After his release from Mandalay jail, he was elected President of the All-India Youth Congress and Secretary of the Bengal State Congress in 1927. By 1930, he became the Mayor of Calcutta and was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) (source: India’s Struggle for Independence, Bipan Chandra).

2. Socialist Approach

During the 1930s, while in exile in Europe, Bose interacted with communist leaders, which influenced his socialist ideals. After being elected President at the Haripura Congress session in 1938, he established the National Planning Committee, advocating for broad industrialization in India (source: Bose: The Forgotten Hero, Chandrachur Ghose).

3. Support to the Left-Wing Faction

In 1939, Bose resigned from the Indian National Congress after conflicts with Gandhi’s non-violent approach. He formed the All-India Forward Bloc to unite leftist factions and promote armed resistance against British rule.

4. Role During World War II

Bose’s opposition to the Allied powers led to his house arrest, from which he escaped to seek alliances with Germany and Japan. His broadcasts from Radio Berlin in 1942 inspired many Indians. In July 1943, he took command of the Indian National Army (INA) in Singapore, reorganizing it with Indian prisoners of war. He also established a provisional Indian government, which was recognized by Axis powers. Under his leadership, the INA succeeded in liberating the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from British control, although the defeat of Japan in World War II led to the INA’s retreat (source: The Indian National Army: A History, A. S. Bhatia).

Conclusion

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was a formidable leader whose commitment to India’s independence and his advocacy for armed struggle left an indelible mark on the freedom movement. His sacrifices and visionary leadership continue to inspire generations.

Model Answer

Introduction

Indian temple architecture evolved over centuries, giving rise to distinct styles, primarily the Nagara and Dravida styles. While these styles share several features, they also display significant differences that reflect their regional contexts.

Similarities

Both the Nagara and Dravida styles exhibit common characteristics:

1. Sanctum (Garbhagriha): This is the innermost chamber where the main deity is enshrined.
2. Mandapa: An open space designed for cultural gatherings and rituals.
3. Central Tower (Shikhara/Vimana): The tallest part of the temple, symbolizing the connection between the earthly and the divine.
4. Role of Temples: Early temples served as centers for learning and cultural education.
5. Vahan: Each temple has a mount or vehicle associated with the main deity.
6. Sculptures: Both styles are characterized by intricate carvings and sculptures adorning the temple structures.

Differences

Despite these similarities, there are notable distinctions:

Examples

• Nagara Style: Sun Temple at Modhera, Kandariya Mahadeo Temple at Khajuraho.
• Dravida Style: Brihadeeshwarar Temple at Thanjavur, Meenakshi Temple at Madurai.

Conclusion

Both Nagara and Dravida styles significantly contribute to India’s rich architectural heritage. Their differences not only highlight regional diversity but also reflect the cultural and spiritual values of their respective societies. Many of these temples are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, underscoring their historical and cultural importance (Source: “Indian Temple Architecture: Forms and Functions” by Adam Hardy).

मॉडल उत्तर

सार्वजनिक ऋण से तात्पर्य है वह कुल ऋण जो सरकार द्वारा लिया जाता है, जिसमें केंद्र और राज्य सरकारों की देनदारियाँ शामिल होती हैं। भारत में, सार्वजनिक ऋण का मुख्य स्रोत दिनांकित सरकारी प्रतिभूतियाँ (G-Secs), ट्रेजरी बिल, बाह्य सहायता और अन्य उधारी होती हैं। यह ऋण सरकार को विभिन्न विकासात्मक गतिविधियों और बजट घाटे को पूरा करने में मदद करता है।

उच्च सार्वजनिक ऋण के प्रति चिंताएँ

भारत में सार्वजनिक ऋण का स्तर वर्ष 2011-2012 में 51.8% से बढ़कर 2020-2021 में 58.8% जीडीपी तक पहुँच गया है, जो कि एक चिंताजनक स्थिति है। इसके पीछे कई कारण हैं:

1. बढ़ते हुए ब्याज भुगतान: उच्च सार्वजनिक ऋण के कारण सरकार को अपने बकाया ऋण पर ब्याज का भुगतान करना पड़ता है, जो अन्य आवश्यक सेवाओं के लिए बजट को सीमित करता है।
2. संप्रभु ऋण संकट: जैसे-जैसे ब्याज दरें बढ़ती हैं, सरकार के लिए अपने मौजूदा ऋण को पुनर्वित्त करना महंगा हो जाता है। इससे सरकारी सेवाओं के लिए आय का उपयोग कम होकर ऋण चुकाने में अधिक होने लगता है, जो संप्रभु ऋण संकट का कारण बन सकता है।
3. मुद्रास्फीतिकारक दबाव: सरकारी व्यय में वृद्धि या करों में कटौती से कुल मांग बढ़ती है, जिससे मांग जनित मुद्रास्फीति में वृद्धि होती है।
4. ह्रासकारी प्रभाव: अत्यधिक सार्वजनिक ऋण के कारण ब्याज दरों में उच्च जोखिम प्रीमियम का भुगतान करना पड़ता है, जिससे निजी निवेश में कमी आती है और दीर्घकाल में जीडीपी में संकुचन होता है।
5. भावी पीढ़ियों पर बोझ: वर्तमान में ऋण लेकर सरकार भविष्य की पीढ़ियों पर वित्तीय बोझ डालती है, क्योंकि यह बांड जारी करके धन जुटाती है, जिसे बाद में करों के माध्यम से चुकाना पड़ता है।
6. ऋण वहनीयता: प्राथमिक घाटे में वृद्धि और ब्याज दरों में वृद्धि के कारण ऋण वहनीयता पर संदेह उत्पन्न होता है।
7. क्रेडिट रेटिंग: जब ऋण स्तर जोखिमपूर्ण हो जाता है, तो निवेशक उच्च ब्याज दर की मांग करने लगते हैं, जिससे देश की क्रेडिट रेटिंग में गिरावट आ सकती है।

निष्कर्ष

भारत जैसी उभरती हुई अर्थव्यवस्थाओं में, सरकार को अवसंरचना और अन्य आवश्यक संसाधनों में पर्याप्त वित्त आवंटित करना आवश्यक है। इसलिए, सरकारों को सार्वजनिक ऋण की एक संतुलित सीमा खोजने की आवश्यकता है, जो आर्थिक विकास को बढ़ावा दे सके, जबकि ब्याज दरों को नियंत्रित रख सके।