उत्तर लेखन के लिए रोडमैप 1. परिचय: महासागरीय लवणता का परिभाषा देना। समुद्री जल में घुले नमक (सोडियम क्लोराइड) की मात्रा को लवणता कहा जाता है, जो 33-37 ग्राम प्रति लीटर (ppt) होती है। 2. महासागरीय लवणता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक: वाष्पीकरण: उच्च तापमान और ...
Model Answer A chemical disaster refers to the accidental and uncontrolled release of toxic chemicals, which can cause severe harm to human health, the environment, and property. These disasters can occur in industrial plants, during the transportation of hazardous substances, or due to the improperRead more
Model Answer
A chemical disaster refers to the accidental and uncontrolled release of toxic chemicals, which can cause severe harm to human health, the environment, and property. These disasters can occur in industrial plants, during the transportation of hazardous substances, or due to the improper storage of chemicals.
Examples of Chemical Disasters in India
India has faced several significant chemical disasters:
- Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984): This remains the world’s worst industrial disaster. The accidental release of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas from the Union Carbide plant led to thousands of deaths and injuries, making it one of the most devastating chemical accidents globally.
- Tata Motors (2008): A chlorine gas leak exposed workers to a dense, poisonous gas, leading to health issues and panic among the community.
- Visakhapatnam Gas Leak (2020): A styrene gas leak from an LG-owned plant affected five villages, causing deaths and injuries.
According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), India has witnessed 130 major chemical accidents in the last two decades, resulting in 259 deaths and over 500 injuries.
Challenges in Mitigating Chemical Disasters
- Lack of Awareness: There is insufficient awareness and preparedness among communities and workers about chemical hazards, increasing vulnerability.
- Coordination Issues: Various stakeholders involved in disaster management, such as the fire and health departments, lack effective coordination during chemical emergencies.
- Weak Law Enforcement: Although India has laws such as the Environment Protection Act (1986) and Disaster Management Act (2005), their implementation is often weak, particularly in enforcing emergency management protocols.
- Negligence in Chemical Handling: Poor handling, storage, and transportation of hazardous chemicals increase the likelihood of accidents.
- Unorganized Sector: Many factories in the unorganized sector deal with hazardous materials but lack safety protocols and protective equipment.
Solutions to Address These Challenges
- Hazard Mapping: Accurate mapping of hazardous chemicals should be done at district and state levels to prevent accidents.
- Regular Inspections: Chemical plants and storage facilities should be regularly inspected to ensure compliance with safety norms.
- Capacity Building: On-site and off-site emergency management should be improved by training government officials, industry workers, and local communities in safety measures.
- Stakeholder Collaboration: A mechanism for effective coordination among various stakeholders should be established for better emergency response.
- Rehearsal of Emergency Plans: Mock drills for both on-site and off-site emergencies should be conducted regularly to identify gaps and improve preparedness.
Legal Framework and Future Focus
India has implemented several laws, including the Explosives Act (1884), Petroleum Act (1934), and Disaster Management Act (2005). However, further focus should be on improving safety standards in the industry and enhancing the response capabilities of agencies like the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and fire services.
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मॉडल उत्तर महासागरीय लवणता का मतलब समुद्र में घुले हुए नमक की कुल मात्रा से है, जो प्रायः 33 से 37 ग्राम प्रति लीटर (ppt) होती है। यह लवणता विभिन्न प्राकृतिक कारकों द्वारा प्रभावित होती है, जिनका प्रभाव महासागरीय जल में नमक की सांद्रता पर पड़ता है। महासागरीय लवणता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक: वाष्पीकRead more
मॉडल उत्तर
महासागरीय लवणता का मतलब समुद्र में घुले हुए नमक की कुल मात्रा से है, जो प्रायः 33 से 37 ग्राम प्रति लीटर (ppt) होती है। यह लवणता विभिन्न प्राकृतिक कारकों द्वारा प्रभावित होती है, जिनका प्रभाव महासागरीय जल में नमक की सांद्रता पर पड़ता है।
महासागरीय लवणता को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक:
महासागरीय लवणता का स्थानिक वितरण: