Daily Answer Writing

Model Answer

Climate Change Impact on the Global South: South Asia as a Vulnerable Region

The Global South is disproportionately affected by climate change due to limited resources, underdeveloped infrastructure, and lower adaptive capacity. Among these, South Asia stands out as one of the most vulnerable regions. This discussion evaluates the severity of these impacts, supported by data and insights.

Urban Vulnerabilities and Resource Deficiency

The Global South, with its sprawling, unplanned urban areas, faces significant challenges in adapting to climate shocks. South Asia, home to 750 million people affected by climate disasters in the last two decades, exemplifies these vulnerabilities.

Key Climate Change Challenges in South Asia

1. Extreme Heat and Droughts

• Heatwaves are becoming more frequent, severe, and prolonged.
• In the Indus and Ganga river basins, such heatwaves could surpass human survivability thresholds, especially due to limited access to cooling solutions and worsening food insecurity.

2. Melting Himalayan Glaciers

• The Himalayas, serving as a water source for 1.5 billion people, are retreating faster than the global average due to rising temperatures.
• Rapid glacier melt leads to hazardous glacial lakes, endangering regions in India, Bhutan, and Nepal.

3. Rising Sea Levels

• Coastal areas in India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives face threats from sea-level rise, with predictions of a 15–38 cm increase by 2050.
• Consequences include saline water intrusion, loss of arable land, and large-scale climate migration.

4. Floods and Cyclones

• Recurrent flooding in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka is driven by heavy monsoons, cyclones, and glacial melt.
• Low-lying regions remain at heightened risk.

Economic Impacts

According to the IPCC Report 2022, climate change could result in a 2% GDP loss by 2050 in South Asia.

Call to Action

The Global South, particularly South Asia, must prioritize:

1. Climate-resilient infrastructure and social safety nets.
2. International collaboration to address climate crises, holding developed nations accountable for their historical emissions.

By implementing these measures, the region can better navigate the challenges posed by climate change.

मॉडल उत्तर

भारत में एनीमेशन और VFX उद्योग के विकास के प्रमुख कारण

भारत दुनिया का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा मनोरंजन बाजार है, और इसकी एनीमेशन एवं VFX (विजुअल इफेक्ट्स) उद्योग ने तेजी से वृद्धि की है। इस क्षेत्र के विकास के कई प्रमुख कारण हैं, जिनका विश्लेषण नीचे किया गया है:

1. सरकारी प्रोत्साहन और योजना

भारत में विभिन्न राष्ट्रीय एवं राज्य स्तर पर दिए जा रहे सब्सिडी और राजकोषीय प्रोत्साहन ने इस उद्योग को बड़ा बढ़ावा दिया है। ‘मेक इन इंडिया’ और ‘डिजिटल इंडिया’ जैसी योजनाएं इस क्षेत्र में सरकारी निवेश को बढ़ावा दे रही हैं, जिससे रोजगार के अवसर भी बढ़े हैं। इसके परिणामस्वरूप, भारतीय VFX और एनीमेशन उद्योग ने वैश्विक स्तर पर प्रतिस्पर्धा करना शुरू किया है (KPMG India-FICCI Report, 2018)।

2. अंतर्राष्ट्रीय बाजार से जुड़ाव

घरेलू इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल सेवाओं की बढ़ती मांग ने भारतीय एनीमेशन और VFX उद्योग की पहुंच को बढ़ाया है। भारतीय स्टूडियो अब न केवल अंतर्राष्ट्रीय फिल्मों के लिए, बल्कि घरेलू परियोजनाओं के लिए भी उच्च गुणवत्ता वाले एनीमेशन और VFX सेवाएं प्रदान कर रहे हैं। उदाहरण के रूप में, 2015 में रिलीज़ हुई फिल्म बाहुबली में इसके प्रभावी प्रयोग को देखा जा सकता है।

3. ऑनलाइन स्ट्रीमिंग का विकास

ऑनलाइन स्ट्रीमिंग सेवाओं के बढ़ने के साथ, फिल्मों और टीवी शो के लिए कंप्यूटर-जनित कंटेंट की मांग में इजाफा हुआ है। भारतीय VFX और एनीमेशन उद्योग ने इस अवसर का लाभ उठाया है, जिससे इस क्षेत्र में और भी तेजी से विकास हुआ है।

4. 3D तकनीकी का प्रसार

3D तकनीक अब केवल फिल्मों तक सीमित नहीं रही, बल्कि यह शिक्षा, चिकित्सा, गेमिंग, VFX, संवर्धित वास्तविकता (AR) और आभासी वास्तविकता (VR) जैसे क्षेत्रों में भी उपयोग हो रही है। भारत में उभरते 3D सॉफ़्टवेयर ने वैश्विक जरूरतों के अनुसार अपनी अनुकूलनशीलता को साबित किया है।

5. रचनात्मकता और लागत प्रभावशीलता

भारत में एनीमेशन और VFX उद्योग की सबसे बड़ी ताकत इसकी रचनात्मकता और लागत प्रभावशीलता है। इसके कारण वैश्विक प्रोडक्शन हाउस भारतीय कंपनियों के साथ साझेदारी करने के लिए उत्सुक रहते हैं, जिससे इस क्षेत्र में अधिक निवेश आ रहा है।

निष्कर्ष

भारत में एनीमेशन और VFX उद्योग के विकास के ये प्रमुख कारण न केवल देश के मनोरंजन बाजार को मजबूत कर रहे हैं, बल्कि भारत को वैश्विक एनीमेशन और VFX सेवा प्रदाताओं के रूप में स्थापित कर रहे हैं। आने वाले वर्षों में इस उद्योग की वृद्धि की संभावना और अधिक बढ़ने की उम्मीद है।

Model Answer

Geographical Distribution of Polymetallic Nodules (PMNs)

Polymetallic nodules (PMNs) are primarily located in specific deep-sea regions worldwide, concentrated between 4,000 and 6,000 meters below sea level. The major regions of economic and strategic interest include:

1. North Central Pacific Ocean: This region hosts some of the most abundant PMN deposits.
2. Peru Basin, Southeast Pacific Ocean: Known for rich concentrations of PMNs.
3. North Indian Ocean: An area of growing exploration, especially significant for India’s Deep Ocean Mission.
   Historically, PMNs were first identified in the 19th century in the Kara Sea, Arctic Ocean, near Siberia. They are now recognized to be distributed across most ocean floors, although economically viable deposits are concentrated in the aforementioned regions.

Economic Significance

PMNs are rich in critical metals like nickel, cobalt, and copper, essential for high-tech industries, including electronics, batteries, and renewable energy technologies. For instance:

• Rare Earth Elements: Integral to the production of solar panels, smartphones, and other technologies.
• Multiple Commodities: Nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone contain manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt in a single deposit.
  These resources are crucial for advancing green technologies and transitioning to sustainable development.

Strategic Significance

Countries with access to PMNs gain a strategic advantage. For example, India’s exploration of PMNs in the Indian Ocean under its Deep Ocean Mission strengthens its position against China’s dominance and fosters collaborations with nations like Japan and Germany.

Ecological and Social Significance

Mining PMNs is environmentally preferable to terrestrial mining:

• Low Waste: No toxic tailings or deforestation.
• High Efficiency: PMNs consist of 99% usable minerals, minimizing waste.
• Child Labor-Free: Unlike land mining, PMN extraction avoids unethical labor practices.

Conclusion

PMNs hold immense potential to meet the world’s demand for critical metals while mitigating environmental impacts. India’s Deep Ocean Mission exemplifies their strategic and economic importance in achieving sustainable development and geopolitical stability.

Model Answer

Indian philosophy, rooted in Vedic traditions, explores profound questions about the soul (Atman), cosmic principles (Brahman), and ultimate reality. These schools are categorized as orthodox (Astika), which accept the authority of the Vedas, and unorthodox (Nastika), which do not.

Orthodox Schools (Astika)

1. Samkhya
   • Founder: Kapil Muni
   • Core Idea: Dual principles of Purusha (soul) and Prakriti (matter) explain creation.
   • Fact: It is one of the oldest philosophical systems and emphasizes the interplay between Purusha and Prakriti.
2. Yoga
   • Text: Yogasutra by Patanjali (2nd century BCE).
   • Core Idea: Liberation (Mukti) through the purification of the mind and body using physical and mental discipline.
   • Fact: It integrates physical, ethical, and spiritual practices.
3. Nyaya
   • Founder: Gautama
   • Core Idea: Logical reasoning and valid knowledge sources: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony.
   • Fact: Known as the “science of logic.”
4. Vaisheshika
   • Founder: Kanada
   • Core Idea: Reality is composed of five elements—earth, water, fire, air, and ether.
   • Fact: It emphasizes the role of karma and God’s governance.
5. Mimamsa
   • Core Idea: Focuses on the rituals and duties outlined in the Vedas.
   • Fact: Declares the Vedas as eternal and a complete source of knowledge.
6. Vedanta
   • Prominent Thinker: Shankaracharya
   • Core Idea: Non-dualism; Brahman and Atman are one.
   • Fact: Derived from the philosophical conclusions of the Upanishads.

Unorthodox Schools (Nastika)

1. Charvaka
   • Core Idea: Materialism; rejects the afterlife and prioritizes pleasure as the ultimate goal.
   • Fact: It is the most skeptical and atheistic school.
2. Buddhism
   • Founder: Gautama Buddha
   • Core Idea: “Four Noble Truths” and the “Eightfold Path” guide liberation from suffering.
   • Fact: Focuses on practical ethics and mindfulness.
3. Jainism
   • Core Idea: Anekantavada—truth and reality are multifaceted.
   • Fact: Emphasizes strict non-violence (Ahimsa).

Conclusion

Indian philosophy encompasses a wide spectrum of thought addressing spiritual and material questions. While orthodox systems align with Vedic traditions, unorthodox systems challenge them, showcasing the diversity and depth of Indian intellectual heritage.

Model Answer

Role of the Press in the Early Phase of the Indian National Movement

The press played a pivotal role in the formative years of the Indian national movement, acting as a critical tool for political education, mass mobilization, and resistance against colonial rule.

1. Political Propaganda and Education

• The Indian National Congress, in its initial years, lacked an organizational structure and relied heavily on the press for spreading its political ideas and nationalist ideology.
• Newspapers like Amrit Bazar Patrika and Kesari carried articles exposing colonial exploitation and encouraged nationalist sentiment.

Fact: The press was instrumental in spreading modern civil liberties, inspired by the French Revolution, as early as Raja Rammohan Roy’s protest against press restrictions in 1824.

2. Preparing the Masses

• During 1870-1918, when the movement was not mass-based, the press became the primary instrument for arousing and consolidating nationalist public opinion.
• It trained Indians to critique colonial policies and united people under a common cause.

Fact: The motto of the press—“oppose, oppose, oppose”—exemplified its dedication to resisting colonial rule.

3. Enhancing Geographical Reach

• The press carried messages from national leaders to remote areas, transcending urban boundaries and creating awareness even in rural regions.
• Library movements, inspired by press publications, spread across India, fostering a collective nationalist consciousness.

Fact: Newspapers like Kesari (by Bal Gangadhar Tilak) reached the grassroots, educating people about their rights and duties.

Challenges Faced by the Indian Press

1. Stringent Sedition Laws

• Laws like Section 124A of IPC penalized criticism of the government with life imprisonment.
• Leaders like Tilak faced multiple sedition charges for writings critical of British policies.

Fact: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was imprisoned twice under sedition charges for his editorials in Kesari.

2. The Vernacular Press Act, 1878

• Targeted non-English newspapers to suppress anti-colonial voices, particularly after the Bengal famine.
• It allowed the confiscation of press equipment and heavy fines.

Fact: Amrit Bazar Patrika converted into an English publication overnight to escape this Act’s provisions.

3. Other Draconian Laws

• Acts like the Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act (1911) and Press Act (1910) imposed hefty penalties and prosecuted over 1,000 newspapers.
• These laws enriched the British treasury through securities and forfeitures.

Fact: The Press Act of 1910 alone collected Rs. 5 lakhs in securities and fines.

Conclusion

Despite severe challenges, the Indian press remained a resilient force in promoting nationalism, opposing colonial rule, and educating the masses. Its sacrifices laid the foundation for the recognition of press freedom as a fundamental right in independent India.