Current Affairs

Model Answer

Introduction

Nuclear energy is a pivotal component in addressing India’s escalating energy demands, providing a reliable alternative to fossil fuels. With the current energy crisis characterized by over-dependence on coal and volatile fossil fuel markets, the role of nuclear energy in diversifying the energy mix becomes increasingly crucial.

Current Role of Nuclear Energy

As of now, nuclear energy contributes merely 1.6% to India’s total energy generation. However, ambitious plans aim to increase this capacity from 7.5 GW to 100 GW by 2047, with the goal of supplying 25% of India’s electricity by 2050. This transition is essential for mitigating climate change impacts and ensuring energy independence, as nuclear power emits near-zero carbon dioxide.

Challenges Faced by the Nuclear Sector

Despite its potential, India’s nuclear sector grapples with several challenges. Firstly, its limited share in the energy mix highlights a sluggish expansion, with current capacities far below targets. Financially, nuclear projects require substantial capital investments, which deter private and foreign investments due to long gestation periods and regulatory bottlenecks. Additionally, reliance on imported uranium exposes the sector to geopolitical risks, while safety concerns stemming from past incidents like the Fukushima disaster fuel public opposition. Bureaucratic inefficiencies and outdated technology further exacerbate project delays, and the absence of a long-term radioactive waste disposal solution raises environmental concerns.

Policy Reforms Needed

To revitalize the nuclear sector, several policy reforms are necessary. Enhancing private sector participation by amending the Atomic Energy Act can facilitate investment and innovation. Fostering indigenous technology through public-private partnerships will reduce reliance on foreign technology while streamlining regulatory processes by establishing a National Nuclear Energy Authority can expedite project approvals without compromising safety. Financial support through Sovereign Green Bonds can alleviate high capital costs, while extensive public awareness campaigns can help build trust and reduce opposition.

Conclusion

In conclusion, nuclear energy holds immense potential for enhancing India’s energy security and supporting sustainable development. By implementing comprehensive reforms to address the existing challenges, India can unlock the full potential of its nuclear energy sector, thereby contributing to a cleaner, more resilient energy future.

Model Answer

Introduction

Education is a cornerstone for national development, directly influencing economic growth and social equity. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024 highlights critical disparities in India’s education system, calling for urgent reforms to ensure quality and inclusivity.

Key Challenges in India’s Education System

Firstly, regional disparities are stark, with states like Kerala excelling in foundational literacy while Jharkhand and Rajasthan lag significantly. Secondly, high dropout rates remain a significant concern, particularly among girls, with a dropout rate of 7.9% for 15-16-year-olds as reported by ASER 2024. The teacher quality issue is exacerbated by a shortage of qualified teachers, leading to 10 lakh vacancies in government schools, which impacts student learning outcomes.

The focus on rote learning continues to dominate, stifling creativity and critical thinking, particularly in the face of high-stakes examinations. Furthermore, the digital divide limits access to quality education, especially in rural areas, hindering the implementation of digital learning initiatives. Finally, there is a mismatch between education and employability, as highlighted by the Economic Survey 2023-24, which states that only 51.25% of the youth are deemed employable.

Effectiveness of Recent Reforms

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aims to address these challenges by promoting multidisciplinary education and flexible learning pathways. Additionally, the NIPUN Bharat Mission focuses on improving foundational literacy and numeracy, achieving an increase in reading ability among Class 3 students from 16.3% in 2022 to 23.4% in 2024. While these reforms are steps in the right direction, their implementation remains inconsistent and requires further strengthening.

Additional Measures for Improvement

To enhance education quality and accessibility, a multi-faceted approach is needed. Implementing vocational training from Class 6 can bridge the skills gap and improve employability. Enhancing teacher training through continual professional development and adopting a blended learning approach will empower educators. Reforming assessment systems to prioritize conceptual understanding and practical application over rote memorization is crucial. Increased public investment in education is essential, aiming for at least 6% of GDP as recommended by NEP 2020. Finally, fostering community-based learning and integrating local knowledge systems can make education more relevant and engaging.

Conclusion

Addressing the challenges in India’s education system is vital for sustainable growth and development. By fostering an inclusive, skill-based education system that embraces digital advancements and prioritizes teacher training, India can unlock its potential, ensuring a prosperous future for all its citizens.

Model Answer

Introduction

Environmental governance is crucial for sustainable development in India, especially as the country faces increasing challenges from pollution, biodiversity loss, and climate change. The recent Dima Hasao tragedy, a result of illegal coal mining, underscores the gaps in the enforcement of environmental regulations and the urgent need for stronger governance frameworks.

Key Challenges in Environmental Governance

One of the primary challenges is the weak enforcement mechanisms. Regulatory bodies such as the Central and State Pollution Control Boards are often underfunded and understaffed, leading to poor monitoring and compliance. Reports indicate that over 6% of India’s operational industries fail to meet environmental standards, posing significant risks to air and water quality.

Another critical issue is the conflict between development and conservation. Economic growth is frequently prioritized over environmental protection, which results in diluted regulations, as seen with the recent amendments to the Forest (Conservation) Act. This imbalance is further exacerbated by inadequate public participation in decision-making processes, where marginalized communities often face displacement without proper compensation.

Moreover, judicial overreach and delayed litigation hinder timely action on environmental issues. With over 88,400 environment-related cases pending in courts, this backlog creates uncertainty and stalls both conservation efforts and development projects. Lastly, the underutilization of technology for monitoring environmental compliance limits the ability to detect violations promptly.

Suggested Measures for Improvement

To strengthen environmental governance, India must first empower regulatory bodies with adequate funding and skilled manpower. Introducing advanced technologies, such as AI-based sensors and drone surveillance, can enhance monitoring capabilities.

Promoting public participation in environmental decision-making is essential. Mechanisms should be established to ensure that local communities are actively involved, particularly in projects that impact their livelihoods. Furthermore, integrating economic and environmental policies is crucial to achieve sustainable development. This can be done by establishing frameworks that align industrial growth with environmental objectives.

Restoring degraded ecosystems should also be a priority. Initiatives for large-scale reforestation and wetland restoration can improve biodiversity and ecosystem services while helping India meet its climate commitments under the Paris Agreement.

Way Forward

In conclusion, addressing the challenges in India’s environmental governance is imperative for sustainable development. By strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing public participation, adopting technology, and restoring ecosystems, India can effectively balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. This holistic approach will not only safeguard natural resources but also ensure a healthier future for the nation.

Model Answer

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming governance by enhancing efficiency, transparency, and service delivery. As discussed in the context of the Paris AI Action Summit, AI presents significant opportunities for countries like India to improve governance and address public challenges.

Role of AI in Governance

AI’s applications in governance are multifaceted. For instance, AI enhances policy formulation by analyzing vast datasets to predict economic trends, which aids in informed decision-making. The automation of public services leads to faster service delivery, as seen with the India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX). In law enforcement, AI tools like predictive policing and facial recognition systems improve safety and crime resolution rates. Moreover, AI contributes significantly to healthcare by enabling early disease detection and managing pandemic responses. In agriculture, AI-driven solutions like ‘Kisan e-Mitra’ enhance productivity and support farmers. Additionally, AI facilitates personalized learning in education and aids climate management through advanced data analytics.

Challenges in Implementing AI in Governance

Despite its advantages, AI faces several challenges in India. Job displacement due to automation threatens millions of low-skilled workers, particularly in labor-intensive sectors. Algorithmic bias may perpetuate existing social inequalities, while privacy concerns arise from AI-powered surveillance systems. Cybersecurity vulnerabilities are heightened as AI-related threats increase. Furthermore, the digital divide exacerbates inequities, limiting AI benefits to urban areas. Lastly, India’s regulatory framework for AI is still in its infancy, leading to potential misuse and ethical concerns.

Measures for a Robust AI Governance Framework

To address these challenges, India must adopt a comprehensive AI governance framework. This includes drafting legislation that balances innovation with regulation, establishing a National AI Regulatory Authority to oversee ethical compliance, and promoting explainable AI practices to enhance transparency. Creating AI sandboxes will allow for safe experimentation, while investing in indigenous AI development will reduce dependence on foreign technologies. Additionally, combating misinformation through regulatory measures will protect democracy and public trust.

Way Forward

In conclusion, while AI holds tremendous potential to enhance governance in India, it is essential to establish a robust regulatory framework that addresses ethical concerns and promotes equitable access. By taking proactive measures, India can position itself as a leader in global AI governance, fostering innovation while ensuring accountability and fairness.