Sculpture

Model Answer

Development of Bronze Casting in India

Bronze casting in India can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), with early examples like the Dancing Girl from Mohenjodaro (2500 BCE), a notable representation of the lost-wax method. Over the centuries, the technique evolved, seen in later examples such as the Daimabad Man (1500 BCE) from Maharashtra. By the 6th-9th centuries BCE, significant bronze sculptures were being made, such as the Jain bronzes from Akota, Gujarat, and Buddhist sculptures, including the monumental Sultanganj Buddha.

Chola Period and the Pinnacle of Bronze Sculpture

The Chola period (10th-12th century CE) marked the zenith of bronze casting in India, with their sculptures regarded as the most refined due to several unique aspects:

1. Unique Mould Preparation: The Chola artists utilized a highly specialized technique where, after the casting, the mould was broken, making each sculpture a unique work of art. This ensured that no two sculptures were identical, adding to their priceless nature.
2. Masterful Craftsmanship: Chola sculptors had an exceptional understanding of anatomy and proportion, enabling them to create works that were not only aesthetically pleasing but also anatomically accurate. Their attention to intricate details, such as jewelry and clothing, was unmatched.
3. Expressive Features: The Chola bronzes are known for their expressive faces and dynamic body language, conveying a wide range of emotions. The Nataraja figure of Shiva, for example, is an iconic representation of cosmic dance, symbolizing creation and destruction.
4. Religious Significance: The Chola bronzes depicted gods and divine figures in various mudras (hand gestures), such as the Abhaya Hasta Mudra (offering protection) in the Nataraja sculpture. These religious representations conveyed deep spiritual meaning.
5. Idealization in Art: While the Chola artists sought to capture lifelike features, they also incorporated idealized elements, elevating the subjects to a divine status, as seen in the life-size standing portraits at Tirupati.

Conclusion

The Chola bronze sculptures are considered the pinnacle of Indian bronze casting due to their unparalleled craftsmanship, expressiveness, and religious significance, making them timeless works of art.

Model Answer

Mathura art made significant contributions to the development of iconographies for Buddhist, Jaina, and Brahmanical deities during the early centuries of the common era. This period witnessed the blending of various religious traditions, which is evident in the iconographic evolution of these deities.

Buddhist Sculptures

Mathura’s Buddhist sculptures are known for their sturdy and earth-bound representations of Buddha and Bodhisattvas. The images typically feature a round face, sharp nose, thick lips with a subtle smile, and a prominent usnisa (topknot). Notably, the seated Buddha often performs the abhayamudra (gesture of reassurance), with his left hand resting on his knee.

The Bodhisattvas are shown with large, detailed umbrellas, beneath which are sacred symbols like the lotus, mythical beasts, and other auspicious motifs. These representations contributed to the gradual move towards more complex Buddhist iconography, with added elements like the Bodhi tree and lion figures on pedestals, signifying the Buddha’s lion throneina Sculptures Mathura also played a pivotal role in Jaina sculpture, with the site of Kankila Tila being a key center for Jaina ideologies.

Among the significant findings are sarvatobhadrika images depicting Tirthankaras standing in the kayotsarga posture on multi-tiered platforms, with devotees shown in anjali mudra (prayer pose). These images reflect the Jaina ideal of self-discipline and renunciation, marking an important phase in Jaina religious art .

B Sculptures

In the Brahmanical tradition, Mathura art contributed to the depiction of Vaishnava, Saiva, and other deities. Vishnu is typically shown in his four-armed form, holding a gada, chakra, and kamandalu, with his right hand in abhayamudra. Balarama is depicted with two or four arms, often with a serpent-hood canopy, and is linked to his pastoral origins. Additionally, the Mukhalingas, which combine the Linga and anthropomorphic forms of Shiva, emerged during this period, along with the creation of the Ardhanariswara form, symbolizing the union of Shiva and Parvati .

Mathura’s sculapsulated the defining traits of these religious traditions, leaving a lasting legacy in the art and iconography of Indian spirituality.