Introduction: Green revolution The Green Revolution in India, initiated in the 1960s, was a landmark agricultural movement that transformed the country from a food-deficient nation into a self-sufficient one. Spearheaded by scientists like M.S. Swaminathan and supported by government policies, the rRead more
Introduction: Green revolution
The Green Revolution in India, initiated in the 1960s, was a landmark agricultural movement that transformed the country from a food-deficient nation into a self-sufficient one. Spearheaded by scientists like M.S. Swaminathan and supported by government policies, the revolution introduced high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, irrigation, and modern agricultural techniques.
Main Body:
1. Achievements of the Green Revolution:
Increased Food Grain Production:
The production of wheat and rice saw significant growth. For instance, wheat production increased from 10 million tonnes in 1960-61 to over 55 million tonnes by 1990.
Self-Sufficiency in Food:
By the 1980s, India no longer relied heavily on food imports or foreign aid (e.g., PL-480 program from the USA).
Improved Agricultural Infrastructure:
Expansion of irrigation facilities, rural electrification, and credit access boosted productivity.
Economic and Political Stability:
A stable food supply reduced famines, ensured food security, and contributed to political stability during a crucial post-independence phase.
2. Regional and Social Limitations:
Regional Imbalance:
Benefits were concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh, while eastern and southern states lagged behind.
Neglect of Coarse Grains and Pulses:
Focus was primarily on wheat and rice, leading to stagnation in production of millets and pulses.
Environmental Concerns:
Overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and water-intensive crops led to soil degradation, water table depletion, and pollution.
Marginalization of Small Farmers:
Larger landholders with better access to resources gained more, increasing rural inequality.
Conclusion:
While the Green Revolution was instrumental in transforming India into a food-surplus nation and ensuring food security, it also introduced several challenges. Moving forward, a “Second Green Revolution” focused on sustainable agriculture, technological inclusiveness, and equitable regional development is essential to ensure long-term
food security and environmental sustainability.
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The UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) examination is a prestigious and rigorous test in India for recruiting candidates into the Civil Services, including the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and Indian Police Service (IPS), among others. It is conducted in thrRead more
The UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) examination is a prestigious and rigorous test in India for recruiting candidates into the Civil Services, including the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and Indian Police Service (IPS), among others. It is conducted in three stages:
1. Preliminary Examination: This consists of two objective-type papers — General Studies (GS) and Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT). The Preliminary exam tests a candidate’s knowledge of current events, history, geography, polity, and basic aptitude.
2. Main Examination: This is a descriptive test involving nine papers, including essay writing, general studies (four papers), an optional subject (two papers), and one paper on language proficiency. The Main exam assesses a candidate’s in-depth knowledge of various subjects and their ability to articulate and analyze complex issues.
3. Interview (Personality Test): This final stage evaluates a candidate’s personality, suitability for a civil service role, and overall demeanor. It is designed to test the candidate’s mental alertness, leadership qualities, and integrity.
The examination is known for its difficulty and requires comprehensive preparation in diverse areas including general studies, current affairs, and specific optional subjects.
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