Encryption is a method of converting plaintext data into a coded form (ciphertext) to prevent unauthorized access. It ensures data confidentiality, integrity, and security, both in transit and at rest.

How It Works:
1. Algorithm and Key: Encryption uses algorithms and keys. The algorithm is the procedure, while the key is a secret value known only to the sender and receiver.

2. Types of Encryption:
– Symmetric Encryption: The same key is used for both encryption and decryption. It’s fast and suitable for large data sets. Example: AES (Advanced Encryption Standard).
– Asymmetric Encryption: Uses a pair of keys – a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. It’s more secure but slower. Example: RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman).

3. Process:
– Encryption: The plaintext data is processed using an algorithm and a key, converting it into unreadable ciphertext.
– Decryption: The ciphertext is converted back to plaintext using the corresponding key and algorithm.

Use Cases:
– Data Transmission: Securing communication over networks (e.g., HTTPS).
– Data Storage: Protecting sensitive data stored on devices and in databases.
– Authentication: Verifying identities and ensuring message integrity.

Encryption is essential for safeguarding information in today’s digital world, protecting against unauthorized access and data breaches.