Model Answer

Introduction

India’s achievements in space science and technology have been extraordinary, beginning with the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969 and the launch of its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975. Since then, ISRO has positioned India among nations with advanced space capabilities, contributing significantly to various sectors.

Achievements in Space Science and Technology

1. Landmark Missions:
   • Chandrayaan-1 (2008): This mission marked India’s first successful lunar exploration, leading to the discovery of water molecules on the moon, which has crucial implications for future lunar research (Source: ISRO).
   • Mars Orbiter Mission (2013): Known as ‘Mangalyaan’, India became the first Asian nation to reach Mars and the first globally to succeed on its initial attempt. This mission has enhanced our understanding of the Martian atmosphere (Source: ISRO).
2. Satellite Technologies and Communication:
   • GAGAN and NAVIC: Indigenous navigation systems that improve the efficiency and safety of terrestrial, aerial, and marine navigation (Source: ISRO).
   • INSAT and GSAT Series: These communication satellites have revolutionized broadcasting, telecommunications, and meteorology, significantly enhancing India’s digital connectivity (Source: ISRO).

Application of Space Technology in Socio-Economic Development

1. Telemedicine: Utilizing communication satellites, telemedicine initiatives have expanded access to specialized healthcare in remote areas, improving health outcomes (Source: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare).
2. GIS Applications in Agriculture: Remote sensing technologies have enabled the monitoring of agricultural patterns, crop yields, and groundwater levels, thereby increasing rural productivity and resilience to climate change (Source: National Remote Sensing Centre).
3. Health Education: Satellite-based education has facilitated real-time training and information dissemination to healthcare providers in rural regions, enhancing their capacity to manage health conditions effectively (Source: Ministry of Health).
4. Environmental Monitoring: Satellites assist in climate modeling and predicting weather patterns, improving disaster preparedness and environmental conservation efforts (Source: ISRO).
5. Job Creation: The space sector has stimulated technological innovation and created numerous employment opportunities, contributing to economic growth.

Conclusion

India’s advancements in space science and technology have not only solidified its status in the global space arena but also significantly contributed to socio-economic development across various sectors. The continuous investment in space initiatives promises further growth and progress in the future.

Model Answer

Introduction

India has achieved remarkable success in unmanned space missions, exemplified by the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) and Chandrayaan. However, the country has yet to embark on a manned space mission. The primary obstacles to launching such missions are multifaceted, encompassing both technological and logistical challenges.

Technological Challenges

1. Advanced Technology Requirements:
   Manned missions demand sophisticated technology beyond what is needed for unmanned missions. For instance, developing a safe and reliable crew module capable of supporting human life in space is a complex task that involves extensive research and development.
2. Launch and Recovery Systems:
   Reliable launch systems are crucial for crew safety, including mechanisms to abort missions if necessary. Additionally, effective recovery systems must ensure astronauts return to Earth safely, as the return journey can often be more perilous than the launch.
3. Life Support Systems:
   Sustaining human life in space poses significant challenges, such as managing zero gravity, radiation exposure, and temperature fluctuations. Robust life support systems are essential to provide oxygen, food, waste management, and address psychological factors affecting the crew.
4. Astronaut Training:
   Comprehensive astronaut training is vital. This includes mastering piloting skills, managing emergencies, and coping with extended periods in confined spaces.

Logistical and Financial Aspects

1. High Costs:
   Manned missions are substantially more expensive than unmanned ones, necessitating significant financial investments. India has allocated Rs. 10,000 crore for the Gaganyaan mission, reflecting its financial commitment (Source: Government of India).
2. Infrastructure Development:
   Establishing the necessary infrastructure for manned missions involves extensive logistical planning. This includes creating facilities for training, mission control, and vehicle assembly.

India’s Futuristic Approach

The Gaganyaan mission aims to send a three-member crew to space, marking a pivotal step in India’s manned space exploration. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is enhancing technology through the development of a heavy-lift launch vehicle and safety systems. Moreover, efforts to encourage private sector participation through IN-SPACe are expected to strengthen the space ecosystem.

Conclusion

Despite the significant challenges, India is making substantial progress towards its first manned mission, Gaganyaan, which could herald a new era in the country’s space exploration capabilities.

Model Answer

Introduction

India’s plan to establish its own space station, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), marks a significant milestone in the country’s space exploration endeavors. This ambitious project reflects India’s technological capabilities and its commitment to becoming a key player in the global space community.

Plan and Timeline

ISRO aims to construct a 20-ton space station within a decade, designed to support various microgravity experiments. The project aligns with the upcoming Gaganyaan mission, which aims to demonstrate India’s ability to send humans into space. This mission will also test essential technologies for the space station, including life support systems and spacecraft re-entry.

To prepare for this venture, Indian astronauts, referred to as ‘vyomanauts,’ will undergo extensive training that includes physical conditioning, technical training, and emergency response.

Development and Assembly

The design and development of the space station’s modules are the next steps. These modules will be launched and assembled in orbit, a process requiring precision and coordination. Once fully assembled, the space station will operate for approximately 15 years, facilitating regular research missions.

Benefits to India’s Space Programme

1. Scientific Research: A dedicated space station will provide a platform for microgravity experiments, similar to those conducted on the International Space Station.
2. Technological Advancements: The project will drive innovations in spacecraft design and life-support systems, boosting India’s space industry.
3. International Prestige: Establishing a space station places India among a select group of nations, enhancing its global standing and encouraging international collaborations.
4. Space Economy: The project is expected to stimulate commercial investments in India’s space sector, paralleling the economic growth seen in the U.S. after the rise of private space companies.

Conclusion

India’s initiative to build a space station promises profound implications for scientific discovery, technological innovation, international relations, and economic development. This venture is poised to redefine India’s position in the cosmos, establishing it as a formidable force in global space exploration.