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What are asteroids? How real is the threat of them causing extinction of life? What strategies have been developed to prevent such a catastrophe? (Answer in 250 words) [UPSC 2024]
Model Answer Introduction Asteroids are rocky, airless remnants from the early formation of our solar system, dating back approximately 4.6 billion years. They primarily orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and vary widely in size and composition, containing rock, metals, andRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Asteroids are rocky, airless remnants from the early formation of our solar system, dating back approximately 4.6 billion years. They primarily orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and vary widely in size and composition, containing rock, metals, and other elements. Asteroids are categorized into types such as C-type (carbonaceous), S-type (silicaceous), and M-type (metal-rich).
Threat of Asteroids Causing Extinction of Life
The threat posed by asteroids is significant, particularly due to historical events. For instance, a massive asteroid impact is believed to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs around 66 million years ago, with the Chicxulub crater in Mexico marking the impact site. Such large asteroids, typically over 1 km in diameter, could lead to global catastrophes, including severe climate disruption and ecosystem collapse. Although the probability of a significant impact is low, the potential consequences warrant concern. NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office emphasizes the severe global effects that could result from a large impact.
Strategies to Prevent Catastrophe
To mitigate the risks associated with asteroids, several strategies have been developed:
Conclusion
While the likelihood of a life-extinguishing asteroid impact is low, the severe consequences of such an event necessitate ongoing vigilance and preparedness through continuous monitoring, international collaboration, and technological advancements.
See lessIn what ways do ISRO's Aditya-L1 mission and NASA's Parker Solar Probe differ in their approach to studying the Sun? ( 200 Words)
Model Answer Differences in Objectives Aditya-L1 Mission: Aditya-L1 focuses on understanding the solar atmosphere, specifically coronal heating and the acceleration of solar wind. It aims to study the initiation of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and solar flares, which influence near-Earth space weatRead more
Model Answer
Differences in Objectives
Aditya-L1 Mission:
Aditya-L1 focuses on understanding the solar atmosphere, specifically coronal heating and the acceleration of solar wind. It aims to study the initiation of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and solar flares, which influence near-Earth space weather. Aditya-L1 also investigates the coupling and dynamics of the solar atmosphere and solar wind distribution.
Parker Solar Probe:
In contrast, the Parker Solar Probe seeks to trace the flow of energy that heats the solar corona and accelerates solar wind. Its objectives include determining the structure and dynamics of the plasma and magnetic fields near the solar wind sources, as well as exploring the mechanisms behind energetic particle acceleration and transport.
Differences in Orbits
Aditya-L1 Mission:
Aditya-L1 is positioned at Lagrange Point 1 (L1), approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth towards the sun. This location allows continuous and uninterrupted observation of the sun, free from any eclipses or occultations.
Parker Solar Probe:
The Parker Solar Probe follows a highly elliptical orbit, bringing it as close as 6.16 million kilometers from the sun’s surface. It uses seven gravity assists from Venus to adjust its trajectory and get closer to the sun.
Differences in Instruments
Aditya-L1 Mission:
Key instruments aboard Aditya-L1 include the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) for studying the corona, the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT), and the Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX), among others.
Parker Solar Probe:
The Parker Solar Probe carries instruments like SWEAP (to measure plasma properties), WISPR (for capturing solar corona images), FIELDS (for magnetic studies), and ISOIS (for studying energetic particles).
Mission Duration
Aditya-L1 Mission:
The Aditya-L1 mission is planned to operate for at least five years, offering continuous solar observation from L1.
Parker Solar Probe:
The Parker Solar Probe is expected to operate for about seven years, concluding its mission after its closest solar flybys.
In Conclusion, while both missions aim to advance solar research, Aditya-L1 offers a continuous observational perspective from L1, and Parker Solar Probe takes a more direct approach by exploring the sun’s outer layers from within its vicinity.
See lessWhat is the Artemis program, and how does the signing of the Artemis Accords contribute to advancing India's space ambitions? (200 Words)
Model Answer The Artemis program is a NASA-led initiative focused on returning humans to the Moon, with a vision of establishing a sustainable presence there. It builds on the legacy of the Apollo program, incorporating new technologies, international collaboration, and long-term lunar exploration gRead more
Model Answer
The Artemis program is a NASA-led initiative focused on returning humans to the Moon, with a vision of establishing a sustainable presence there. It builds on the legacy of the Apollo program, incorporating new technologies, international collaboration, and long-term lunar exploration goals. Key aspects of the program include:
How Does Signing the Artemis Accords Advance India’s Space Ambitions?
India’s signing of the Artemis Accords in June 2023 enhances its space ambitions in several key ways:
By signing the Artemis Accords, India aligns itself with a global movement in space exploration, enhancing its scientific and technological capabilities.
See lessWhat is the role of the space sector in shaping a ‘New India’? Discuss the initiatives undertaken to promote the indigenisation of the space industry. (200 Words)
Model Answer 1. Socio-economic Development The space sector acts as a driver of economic growth by fostering ancillary industries and employment. Space-based services, such as earth observation, communication satellites, and navigation systems, are crucial for modern sectors like telecommunications,Read more
Model Answer
1. Socio-economic Development
The space sector acts as a driver of economic growth by fostering ancillary industries and employment. Space-based services, such as earth observation, communication satellites, and navigation systems, are crucial for modern sectors like telecommunications, agriculture, and healthcare. These technologies enhance productivity and resource management, ensuring broader socio-economic progress.
2. Self-reliance in Space Technology
Opening the space sector to private players allows them to capitalize on global and domestic markets, fostering innovation in upstream and downstream activities. This contributes to Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) by reducing dependence on foreign technology and strengthening indigenous capabilities.
3. Addressing Emerging Challenges
Space technologies, such as remote sensing and earth observation satellites, are vital for tackling challenges like climate change, natural disasters, urban planning, and resource management. These applications provide data-driven solutions, enhancing national resilience.
4. Strategic International Partnerships
India’s space diplomacy fosters regional development and security. Collaborations with international space agencies enable technology transfer, joint exploration missions, and enhanced knowledge sharing, solidifying India’s global standing.
Steps for Indigenisation of the Space Sector
1. Indian Space Policy 2023
This dynamic framework enhances private participation to unlock India’s space sector potential, accelerating growth and innovation.
2. IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre)
As an autonomous nodal agency, IN-SPACe promotes private-sector participation and streamlines operations, creating a vibrant ecosystem for space start-ups.
3. New Space India Limited (NSIL)
NSIL, the commercial arm of ISRO, facilitates the transfer of space technologies to Indian industries, boosting commercialization and innovation.
4. Liberalized FDI Policy
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) allowances of 74% for satellites and 49% for launch vehicles encourage private and international investments.
5. National Geospatial Policy 2022
This framework democratizes geospatial data, enabling the growth of a robust geospatial industry in India, driven by private-sector contributions.
Conclusion
With reforms and private-sector participation, India’s space economy is poised to grow from $8.4 billion to $44 billion by 2033, with an ambitious goal of $100 billion by 2040. Innovations like private satellite launches and mission control centers exemplify this transformation, setting a solid foundation for a self-reliant and globally competitive space sector.
See lessHuman space missions play a crucial role in India’s growth and development. Analyze this in the context of the Gaganyaan mission. ( 200 Words)
Model Answer Introduction to the Gaganyaan Mission The Gaganyaan mission, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is India’s ambitious human spaceflight program aimed at sending Indian astronauts into low-earth orbit. This mission holds significant importance not only for space exploraRead more
Model Answer
Introduction to the Gaganyaan Mission
The Gaganyaan mission, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is India’s ambitious human spaceflight program aimed at sending Indian astronauts into low-earth orbit. This mission holds significant importance not only for space exploration but also for India’s overall growth and development across various sectors.
Spin-Off Technologies and Innovations
One of the key benefits of the Gaganyaan mission is the development of spin-off technologies. Space missions historically lead to innovations that find application across several industries. For instance, past space programs have resulted in critical technologies such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), heart implants, and advanced water filtration systems. Similarly, the Gaganyaan mission will foster new technologies with applications in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental management, driving growth in these sectors.
Public-Private Partnerships and Economic Growth
The Gaganyaan mission encourages collaboration between ISRO and private industries, promoting a thriving space ecosystem. This partnership is expected to attract significant investments, bolster indigenous capabilities, and fuel the startup ecosystem. ISRO has already engaged private players to develop innovative solutions in areas such as astronaut food and medicine, space suits, and radiation protection technologies. This collaboration will also support job creation, with an estimated 15,000 new jobs expected to be directly generated due to the mission, according to the ISRO Chairman.
Contribution to New-Age Space Exploration
India’s participation in the Gaganyaan mission strengthens its position in the rapidly evolving field of space exploration. By joining initiatives like NASA’s Artemis program, India gains access to advanced space technologies, ensuring its competitiveness and economic growth in the future.
Inspiring the Next Generation
The Gaganyaan mission is set to inspire the youth of India, encouraging careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This will help cultivate a culture of innovation and excellence, empowering the next generation of scientists and engineers to push the boundaries of technological advancement.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Gaganyaan mission is not only a milestone in space exploration but also a driver of growth and development across various sectors. It is a testament to India’s technological and scientific ambitions, positioning the country as a key player in global space exploration.
See lessWhy is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government's Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Nanotechnology: A Key Technology of the 21st Century 1. Importance and Significance: Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers. This precision enables the creation of materials and devices with unique properties thatRead more
Nanotechnology: A Key Technology of the 21st Century
1. Importance and Significance: Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, typically between 1 and 100 nanometers. This precision enables the creation of materials and devices with unique properties that are not present at larger scales. The key technologies of the 21st century, nanotechnology is pivotal due to its potential to revolutionize various fields, including medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental sustainability. For instance, nanomedicine can enhance drug delivery systems, improving efficacy and reducing side effects. In electronics, nanotechnology facilitates the development of smaller, more efficient components, crucial for advancing computing power.
2. Indian Government’s Mission on Nanoscience and Technology: India’s Mission on Nanoscience and Technology, initiated by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), focuses on advancing research and applications in nanoscience. Key features include:
3. Scope in Development Process: Nanotechnology’s applications in India are vast and transformative:
By integrating nanotechnology into these sectors, India can address key development challenges and boost its economic growth.
See lessDiscuss India's achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
India's Achievements in Space Science and Technology 1. Major Achievements: Satellite Launches: India has developed a robust space program through the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Significant achievements include the successful launch of Chandrayaan-2 in 2019, which aimed to explore thRead more
India’s Achievements in Space Science and Technology
1. Major Achievements:
2. Socio-Economic Impact:
Conclusion:
India’s advancements in space science and technology have not only positioned it as a global leader in space exploration but also have had a profound impact on its socio-economic development. Through improved agricultural practices, disaster management, and enhanced communication systems, space technology continues to drive progress and development in India.
See lessIndia has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbitter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (150 words) [UPSC 2017]
Obstacles to Launching Manned Space Missions in India **1. Technological Challenges: **1. Development of Life-Support Systems: Complex Requirements: Manned missions demand advanced life-support systems to sustain astronauts in space. India’s unmanned missions like Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan have demRead more
Obstacles to Launching Manned Space Missions in India
**1. Technological Challenges:
**1. Development of Life-Support Systems:
**2. Spacecraft Design and Testing:
**2. Logistical Challenges:
**1. Financial Constraints:
**2. Infrastructure Development:
**3. International Collaboration:
Recent Example:
Critical Examination:
- Despite remarkable successes in unmanned missions, India faces substantial technological and logistical barriers in manned space missions. Addressing these through investment, infrastructure development, and international collaboration is crucial for future success.
See lessWhat is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (150 words) [UPSC 2019]
India's Plan for Its Own Space Station and Its Benefits 1. Space Station Project Overview: Mission Statement: India’s space agency, ISRO, has announced plans to develop its own space station, known as the Indian Space Station (ISS). The project is expected to commence in the late 2020s and is envisiRead more
India’s Plan for Its Own Space Station and Its Benefits
1. Space Station Project Overview:
2. Benefits to India’s Space Program:
3. International Collaboration:
Through these advancements, India’s space station will significantly bolster its space capabilities, contribute to scientific research, and establish India as a major player in space exploration.
See lessLaunched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (250 words) [UPSC 2022]
James Webb Space Telescope: Features, Goals, and Benefits **1. Unique Features of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST): Advanced Infrared Capabilities: JWST is designed primarily for infrared astronomy, which allows it to see through dust clouds and observe the formation of stars and planetary systems.Read more
James Webb Space Telescope: Features, Goals, and Benefits
**1. Unique Features of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST):
**2. Key Goals of the JWST Mission:
**3. Potential Benefits for Humanity:
Recent Examples:
Conclusion: The James Webb Space Telescope represents a significant leap forward in space observatories, offering advanced capabilities that surpass its predecessors. Its mission promises to unlock new knowledge about the universe’s origins, enhance technological innovation, and inspire future generations in the field of space exploration.
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