Model Answer

Introduction

Asteroids are rocky, airless remnants from the early formation of our solar system, dating back approximately 4.6 billion years. They primarily orbit the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and vary widely in size and composition, containing rock, metals, and other elements. Asteroids are categorized into types such as C-type (carbonaceous), S-type (silicaceous), and M-type (metal-rich).

Threat of Asteroids Causing Extinction of Life

The threat posed by asteroids is significant, particularly due to historical events. For instance, a massive asteroid impact is believed to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs around 66 million years ago, with the Chicxulub crater in Mexico marking the impact site. Such large asteroids, typically over 1 km in diameter, could lead to global catastrophes, including severe climate disruption and ecosystem collapse. Although the probability of a significant impact is low, the potential consequences warrant concern. NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office emphasizes the severe global effects that could result from a large impact.

Strategies to Prevent Catastrophe

To mitigate the risks associated with asteroids, several strategies have been developed:

1. Space Missions for Deflection: Missions like NASA’s DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) aim to alter the paths of asteroids through kinetic impact, demonstrating that such threats can be diverted.
2. International Cooperation: Global collaboration enhances preparedness through data sharing and coordinated responses to potential threats. The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs supports these initiatives.
3. Early Warning Systems: Networks like the International Asteroid Warning Network play a critical role in providing early alerts and coordinating response efforts, improving the ability to detect and monitor asteroids.
4. Technological Advancements: Enhanced radar and telescope technologies, such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, improve tracking capabilities for even faint and rapidly moving asteroids.

Conclusion

While the likelihood of a life-extinguishing asteroid impact is low, the severe consequences of such an event necessitate ongoing vigilance and preparedness through continuous monitoring, international collaboration, and technological advancements.

Model Answer

Introduction

India’s achievements in space science and technology have been extraordinary, beginning with the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969 and the launch of its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975. Since then, ISRO has positioned India among nations with advanced space capabilities, contributing significantly to various sectors.

Achievements in Space Science and Technology

1. Landmark Missions:
   • Chandrayaan-1 (2008): This mission marked India’s first successful lunar exploration, leading to the discovery of water molecules on the moon, which has crucial implications for future lunar research (Source: ISRO).
   • Mars Orbiter Mission (2013): Known as ‘Mangalyaan’, India became the first Asian nation to reach Mars and the first globally to succeed on its initial attempt. This mission has enhanced our understanding of the Martian atmosphere (Source: ISRO).
2. Satellite Technologies and Communication:
   • GAGAN and NAVIC: Indigenous navigation systems that improve the efficiency and safety of terrestrial, aerial, and marine navigation (Source: ISRO).
   • INSAT and GSAT Series: These communication satellites have revolutionized broadcasting, telecommunications, and meteorology, significantly enhancing India’s digital connectivity (Source: ISRO).

Application of Space Technology in Socio-Economic Development

1. Telemedicine: Utilizing communication satellites, telemedicine initiatives have expanded access to specialized healthcare in remote areas, improving health outcomes (Source: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare).
2. GIS Applications in Agriculture: Remote sensing technologies have enabled the monitoring of agricultural patterns, crop yields, and groundwater levels, thereby increasing rural productivity and resilience to climate change (Source: National Remote Sensing Centre).
3. Health Education: Satellite-based education has facilitated real-time training and information dissemination to healthcare providers in rural regions, enhancing their capacity to manage health conditions effectively (Source: Ministry of Health).
4. Environmental Monitoring: Satellites assist in climate modeling and predicting weather patterns, improving disaster preparedness and environmental conservation efforts (Source: ISRO).
5. Job Creation: The space sector has stimulated technological innovation and created numerous employment opportunities, contributing to economic growth.

Conclusion

India’s advancements in space science and technology have not only solidified its status in the global space arena but also significantly contributed to socio-economic development across various sectors. The continuous investment in space initiatives promises further growth and progress in the future.

Model Answer

Introduction

India’s plan to establish its own space station, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), marks a significant milestone in the country’s space exploration endeavors. This ambitious project reflects India’s technological capabilities and its commitment to becoming a key player in the global space community.

Plan and Timeline

ISRO aims to construct a 20-ton space station within a decade, designed to support various microgravity experiments. The project aligns with the upcoming Gaganyaan mission, which aims to demonstrate India’s ability to send humans into space. This mission will also test essential technologies for the space station, including life support systems and spacecraft re-entry.

To prepare for this venture, Indian astronauts, referred to as ‘vyomanauts,’ will undergo extensive training that includes physical conditioning, technical training, and emergency response.

Development and Assembly

The design and development of the space station’s modules are the next steps. These modules will be launched and assembled in orbit, a process requiring precision and coordination. Once fully assembled, the space station will operate for approximately 15 years, facilitating regular research missions.

Benefits to India’s Space Programme

1. Scientific Research: A dedicated space station will provide a platform for microgravity experiments, similar to those conducted on the International Space Station.
2. Technological Advancements: The project will drive innovations in spacecraft design and life-support systems, boosting India’s space industry.
3. International Prestige: Establishing a space station places India among a select group of nations, enhancing its global standing and encouraging international collaborations.
4. Space Economy: The project is expected to stimulate commercial investments in India’s space sector, paralleling the economic growth seen in the U.S. after the rise of private space companies.

Conclusion

India’s initiative to build a space station promises profound implications for scientific discovery, technological innovation, international relations, and economic development. This venture is poised to redefine India’s position in the cosmos, establishing it as a formidable force in global space exploration.