The phrases “surgical strikes” and “hot pursuit” are frequently used in relation to using force to stop terrorist attacks. Talk on the strategic implications of these moves. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
India's central security forces, such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), face several challenges in effectively tackling insurgencies and maintaining internal security, particularly in sensitive border regions. Here are someRead more
India’s central security forces, such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), face several challenges in effectively tackling insurgencies and maintaining internal security, particularly in sensitive border regions. Here are some of the key challenges:
- Terrain and Geographical Challenges:
- India’s borders are characterized by diverse and often rugged terrain, including high-altitude areas, dense forests, and riverine regions, which pose significant logistical and operational challenges for the security forces.
- Accessibility and mobility issues in these remote and difficult-to-reach areas can hamper the effectiveness of security operations.
- Asymmetric Warfare and Guerrilla Tactics:
- Insurgent groups often employ asymmetric warfare tactics, including ambushes, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and hit-and-run attacks, which can be difficult for the security forces to counter effectively.
- The ability of insurgents to blend in with the local population and operate in small, agile groups further complicates the task of the security forces.
- Lack of Actionable Intelligence:
- Obtaining timely and reliable intelligence about the activities, movements, and plans of insurgent groups can be a significant challenge, especially in remote and conflict-affected areas.
- Inadequate intelligence-gathering capabilities and poor coordination among different intelligence agencies can hinder the effectiveness of counter-insurgency operations.
- Local Support and Community Engagement:
- Insurgent groups often exploit the grievances and resentment of local communities, particularly in areas with ethnic or religious tensions, to garner support and sanctuary.
- Winning the trust and cooperation of local populations and addressing their legitimate concerns can be crucial for the success of counter-insurgency efforts.
- Operational Constraints and Resource Limitations:
- The central security forces may face constraints in terms of manpower, equipment, training, and funding, which can affect their operational capabilities and resilience.
- Inadequate resources and infrastructure, such as poor road connectivity and lack of medical facilities in remote areas, can hamper the deployment and effectiveness of the security forces.
- Legal and Human Rights Challenges:
- The security forces must balance the need for decisive action against insurgents with the imperative to uphold human rights and adhere to the rule of law.
- Allegations of human rights abuses and the legal framework governing the use of force can sometimes constrain the actions of the security forces.
To address these challenges, the Indian government has undertaken various measures, such as improving border infrastructure, enhancing intelligence-sharing, strengthening community outreach programs, and modernizing the capabilities of the central security forces. However, the dynamic and complex nature of insurgencies requires a comprehensive and sustained approach to effectively tackle these internal security challenges.
See less
Model Answer Introduction The military strategies of 'Hot Pursuit' and 'Surgical Strikes' are critical responses to cross-border terrorism. 'Hot Pursuit' refers to chasing a retreating enemy into its territory, while 'Surgical Strikes' involve precise operations aimed at minimizing collateral damageRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The military strategies of ‘Hot Pursuit’ and ‘Surgical Strikes’ are critical responses to cross-border terrorism. ‘Hot Pursuit’ refers to chasing a retreating enemy into its territory, while ‘Surgical Strikes’ involve precise operations aimed at minimizing collateral damage. Both strategies have significant strategic implications in counter-terrorism efforts.
Strategic Impact of Hot Pursuit and Surgical Strikes
Deterrence
Both strategies serve as powerful deterrents against hostile entities and state sponsors of terrorism. For instance, India’s surgical strike following the Uri attack in 2016 demonstrated a clear intolerance for cross-border terrorism, sending a strong message to adversaries about the consequences of such actions.
Disruption of Terror Infrastructure
These military operations aim to degrade terrorist capabilities by targeting their infrastructure. Disrupting training camps, communication lines, and logistical support reduces the operational effectiveness of terrorist groups. This strategic focus is essential for curtailing future attacks and undermining the enemy’s morale.
Boost Morale
The execution of such operations bolsters the morale of security forces and reassures the public about their safety. Demonstrating a willingness to retaliate not only strengthens the resolve of military personnel but also enhances public confidence in the government’s ability to handle security threats.
International Diplomacy
Hot Pursuit and Surgical Strikes can also draw international attention to terrorism, compelling other nations to reconsider their policies towards harboring terrorist groups. Such actions may facilitate diplomatic pressure on countries that support or tolerate terrorism. However, they also risk escalating tensions and potentially leading to international disputes.
Conclusion
While ‘Hot Pursuit’ and ‘Surgical Strikes’ can be effective military responses to terrorist threats, they should be integrated into a broader strategy that includes diplomatic efforts and internal security measures. This balanced approach is essential for achieving long-term peace and stability.
See less