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Home/upsc: science & technology since independence

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Yash Vohra
  • 2
Yash VohraLearner
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 2

Talk about the steps taken to support domestic military production and the developments in defense indigenization.

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Mehak Mehara
    Mehak Mehara Begginer

    Measures to Promote Indigenous Defense Manufacturing: Defense Acquisition Procedure (DAP): The DAP, introduced in 2016, aims to promote indigenous defense manufacturing by encouraging the acquisition of defense equipment from domestic suppliers. Make in India: The Make in India initiative, launchedRead more

    Measures to Promote Indigenous Defense Manufacturing:

    Defense Acquisition Procedure (DAP): The DAP, introduced in 2016, aims to promote indigenous defense manufacturing by encouraging the acquisition of defense equipment from domestic suppliers.

    Make in India: The Make in India initiative, launched in 2014, focuses on promoting indigenous manufacturing and innovation across various sectors, including defense.

    Strategic Partnership Policy (SPP): The SPP, introduced in 2017, aims to promote cooperation between Indian and foreign companies to develop joint ventures and partnerships in the defense sector.

    Progress in Defense Indigenization:

    • Indigenization of Defense Equipment: The Indian government has made significant progress in indigenizing defense equipment, with a target of achieving 70% indigenization by 2025.
    • Increased FDI: The government has allowed 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in the defense sector, which has attracted investments from foreign companies.
    • Private Sector Participation: The private sector has been encouraged to participate in the defense sector, with several companies receiving contracts and partnerships.

    Recent Examples:

    • Rafale Deal: The Rafale deal with France, signed in 2016, is an example of successful defense indigenization, with the majority of the aircraft being manufactured in India.
    • Tejas LCA: The Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) is a homegrown fighter jet developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and is considered a success story of indigenous defense manufacturing.
    • Arjun Tank: The Arjun Main Battle Tank (MBT) is another example of indigenous defense manufacturing, developed by the DRDO and manufactured by Hindustan Heavy Vehicles Limited (HVLL).

    Challenges:

    • Lack of Infrastructure: India lacks adequate infrastructure, including manufacturing facilities, testing facilities, and supply chain management, which can hinder the growth of indigenous defense manufacturing.
    • Technology Transfer: The lack of technology transfer from foreign partners can be a significant challenge for Indian defense manufacturers.
    • Quality Control: Ensuring quality control and regulatory compliance can be a challenge for Indian defense manufacturers.

    Key Points:

    • Indigenization is Crucial: Indigenization is crucial for India’s defense self-reliance and security.
    • Private Sector Participation: Encouraging private sector participation is essential for promoting indigenous defense manufacturing.
    • Infrastructure Development: Developing infrastructure is critical for the growth of indigenous defense manufacturing.
    • Technology Transfer: Ensuring technology transfer from foreign partners is essential for promoting indigenous defense manufacturing.
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Anya Sharma
  • 1
Anya SharmaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Evaluate the importance of public-private partnerships in promoting innovation and technical growth in India.

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Mehak Mehara
    Mehak Mehara Begginer

    Public-Private Partnerships: A Catalyst for Innovation and Technological Advancement in India Definition: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) refer to collaborative efforts between government agencies and private entities to achieve specific goals, such as promoting innovation and technological advanRead more

    Public-Private Partnerships: A Catalyst for Innovation and Technological Advancement in India

    Definition: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) refer to collaborative efforts between government agencies and private entities to achieve specific goals, such as promoting innovation and technological advancement.

    Role of PPPs in Fostering Innovation and Technological Advancement:

    • Financing: PPPs can provide much-needed funding for innovative projects and ventures, which may not be feasible through traditional government or private sources.
    • Expertise: Private partners can bring their expertise and know-how to the table, enabling the development of new technologies and solutions.
    • Risk-Sharing: PPPs can share the risks associated with innovative projects, making them more attractive to investors and stakeholders.
    • Government Support: The government can provide support through policies, regulations, and incentives to create a conducive environment for innovation and technological advancement.

    Recent Examples:

    • Smart Cities Mission: The Smart Cities Mission is a PPP initiative launched by the government to develop 100 smart cities across India. The project has attracted significant investment from private partners and has led to the development of innovative solutions for urban infrastructure.
    • Startup India: The Startup India initiative is a PPP program that aims to promote entrepreneurship and innovation in India. The program has provided funding, mentorship, and other support to startups, leading to the creation of new jobs and economic growth.
    • Digital India: The Digital India program is a PPP initiative that aims to promote digital infrastructure and services in India. The program has led to the development of new digital platforms, services, and applications, improving the overall digital ecosystem in India.

    Challenges:

    • Trust Issues: Trust issues between public and private partners can hinder the success of PPPs.
    • Regulatory Framework: A lack of clarity on regulations and policies can create uncertainty and discourage private partners from participating in PPPs.
    • Capacity Building: Capacity building within government agencies is essential to ensure effective implementation of PPPs.
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Yash Vohra
  • 1
Yash VohraLearner
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Talk about the major developments, obstacles, and commercial and strategic importance of India’s space program.

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Dua Mohanti
    Dua Mohanti Begginer

    India's Space Program: A Significant Achievement Development of India's Space Program: Early Beginnings: India's space program began in the 1960s with the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969. Satellite Launch: The first Indian satellite, Aryabhata, was launched inRead more

    India’s Space Program: A Significant Achievement

    Development of India’s Space Program:

    • Early Beginnings: India’s space program began in the 1960s with the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969.
    • Satellite Launch: The first Indian satellite, Aryabhata, was launched in 1975, marking the beginning of India’s space program.
    • Challenges: The initial years were marked by challenges, including limited funding and infrastructure, which hindered the program’s progress.

    Key Achievements:

    • Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV): The development of PSLV in 1994 revolutionized India’s space program, enabling the launch of satellites into orbit.
    • Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV): The development of GSLV in 2001 enabled India to launch heavier payloads into geosynchronous orbit.
    • Reusability: The successful launch of reusable rockets like the PSLV and GSLV has reduced the cost of access to space.
    • Indigenization: ISRO has made significant strides in indigenizing its technology, reducing dependence on foreign imports.

    Recent Examples:

    • Chandrayaan-1: Launched in 2008, Chandrayaan-1 was India’s first lunar mission, which successfully orbited the Moon and discovered water ice on its surface.
    • Mangalyaan: Launched in 2013, Mangalyaan was India’s first interplanetary mission, which successfully entered Mars’ orbit and discovered methane on the planet.
    • Gaganyaan: Launched in 2022, Gaganyaan is India’s first crewed space mission, which aims to send three astronauts to space for a duration of six days.

    Strategic Significance:

    • National Security: India’s space program has strategic significance for national security, enabling the country to monitor enemy movements and conduct surveillance.
    • Deterrence: The development of India’s space program has enabled the country to demonstrate its military capabilities and deter potential threats.
    • Space-Based Technologies: India’s space program has also enabled the development of space-based technologies like remote sensing, navigation, and communication.

    Commercial Significance:

    • Satellite Industry: India’s space program has given birth to a thriving satellite industry, with companies like ISRO, Antrix Corporation, and private players like OneWeb and Amazon.
    • Launch Services: India has become a significant player in the global launch services market, offering affordable and reliable launch options.
    • Space-Based Services: India is also providing space-based services like navigation, communication, and remote sensing to various industries.
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Anya Sharma
  • 1
Anya SharmaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Analyze the digital revolution’s difficulties and prospects, such as data governance and cyber security.

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Mehak Mehara
    Mehak Mehara Begginer

    The Digital Revolution: A Double-Edged Sword Challenges: Data Governance: The digital revolution has created a vast amount of data, which is often unregulated and unsecured, leading to concerns about data privacy and security. Cyber Security: The increasing reliance on digital technologies has madeRead more

    The Digital Revolution: A Double-Edged Sword

    Challenges:

    • Data Governance: The digital revolution has created a vast amount of data, which is often unregulated and unsecured, leading to concerns about data privacy and security.
    • Cyber Security: The increasing reliance on digital technologies has made cyber security a critical issue, with threats like hacking, phishing, and malware posing significant risks to individuals, businesses, and governments.
    • Digital Divide: The digital revolution has also exacerbated the digital divide, with some individuals and communities lacking access to digital technologies, hindering their ability to participate fully in the economy and society.
    • Job Displacement: The automation of jobs and the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) have raised concerns about job displacement and the potential for significant social and economic disruption.

    Recent Examples:

    • Data Breaches: High-profile data breaches, such as the Equifax breach in 2017, have highlighted the importance of data governance and the need for robust security measures to protect sensitive information.
    • Cyber Attacks: Cyber attacks, such as the WannaCry ransomware attack in 2017, have demonstrated the potential for significant disruption and damage to critical infrastructure.
    • Digital Exclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the digital divide, with some individuals and communities struggling to access essential services and information due to limited access to digital technologies.

    Opportunities:

    • Increased Efficiency: The digital revolution has enabled significant increases in efficiency, with automation and AI enabling businesses to streamline processes and improve productivity.
    • New Economic Opportunities: The digital revolution has created new economic opportunities, with the growth of e-commerce, online services, and digital entrepreneurship providing new avenues for growth and innovation.
    • Improved Access to Information: The digital revolution has enabled unprecedented access to information, with the internet and social media providing a platform for knowledge sharing and collaboration.
    • Enhanced Governance: The digital revolution has also enabled enhanced governance, with digital technologies providing new tools for monitoring, tracking, and responding to public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Key Points:

    • Balancing Benefits and Risks: The digital revolution requires a balance between harnessing its benefits and addressing its risks, including data governance and cyber security concerns.
    • Inclusive Growth: The digital revolution must be designed to promote inclusive growth, with efforts to address the digital divide and ensure that all individuals have access to the benefits of digital technologies.
    • Robust Regulation: Robust regulation is necessary to ensure that the digital revolution is harnessed in a way that benefits society as a whole, rather than creating new forms of inequality and social exclusion.
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Anita Ratnam
  • 0
Anita RatnamLearner
Asked: January 27, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Start with a brief overview of India’s strategic use of science and technology after independence (1947). Mention the importance of these areas in shaping the nation’s economic growth and social development. Provide a context: India used science and ...

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Since gaining independence in 1947, India has strategically utilized science and technology to fuel its economic growth and social development. Through a series of focused initiatives, the country has made significant strides in various sectors, enhancing the quality of lifRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Since gaining independence in 1947, India has strategically utilized science and technology to fuel its economic growth and social development. Through a series of focused initiatives, the country has made significant strides in various sectors, enhancing the quality of life for its citizens and positioning itself as a global player in science and technology.

    Agricultural Growth

    India’s agricultural landscape witnessed a transformation during the Green Revolution in the 1960s. The introduction of high-yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, and improved irrigation systems led to increased food grain production and self-sufficiency.

    • Fact: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) developed improved crop varieties such as Sharbati Sonora for wheat.
    • Mechanization, including tractors and harvesters, further enhanced farm productivity and incomes.

    Industrial Development

    Post-independence, India invested heavily in industrial sectors, including steel, pharmaceuticals, and IT services.

    • Fact: Research and Development (R&D) by agencies like CSIR supported both public and private industries, leading to significant advancements in manufacturing and technology.
    • India’s space program and atomic energy projects fostered innovation and helped commercialize satellite communication and nuclear technology.

    Infrastructure and Digital Advancements

    India’s infrastructure has greatly benefited from the application of engineering and technological innovations.

    • Fact: Projects like the Bhakra Nangal Dam, Delhi Metro, and national highways have transformed the country’s infrastructure.
    • The Aadhar system and widespread internet connectivity have enabled digital governance, financial inclusion, and online education.

    Health and Social Empowerment

    Science and technology have significantly impacted public health and social empowerment.

    • Fact: The ICMR and pharmaceutical companies have developed vaccines and affordable drugs, improving public health.
    • Technologies like telemedicine (e.g., e-Sanjeevani) and biotechnology have expanded healthcare access, particularly in rural areas.
    • Fact: Renewable energy solutions such as solar panels are providing off-grid electricity, empowering remote communities.

    Conclusion

    India’s future priorities in science and technology include AI, biotechnology, clean energy, and space technology. With continued investment in these fields, India can unlock even greater potential for sustainable economic and social progress.

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Anya Sharma
  • 0
Anya SharmaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 0

Evaluate the effectiveness of India’s policies and actions for utilizing renewable energy resources and combating climate change.

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    Achievements: · Renewable Energy Capacity: India has reached high capacity addition in renewables particularly in solar and wind power sector. With these development it have cut down on its use of fossil fuel and Green house Gas emission. · The government has already laid down policy goals towards tRead more

    Achievements:

    · Renewable Energy Capacity: India has reached high capacity addition in renewables particularly in solar and wind power sector. With these development it have cut down on its use of fossil fuel and Green house Gas emission.

    · The government has already laid down policy goals towards the integration of renewable energy planning to accomplish installed capacity of 450 GW of Renewable Energy by the year 2030.

    -Policy Initiatives: There are many policies and scheme which has been launched for the development of renewable resources like Policies for establishing National Solar Mission, National Wind Energy, and Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission.

    -International Collaboration: India has participated in the climate change negotiations and has contributed significantly in climatic changes such as it has supported International Solar Alliance.

    Challenges:

    -Grid Integration: Connecting massive renewable energy systems into the current utility structure is not easy since the reliability of the grid and supply of power relative to its demand are critical issues.

    -Land Acquisition: Getting large stretches for renewable energy projects can be a problem and also slows down projects and local communities.

    -Intermittency: Conventional types of renewable energy include wind and solar power, and since these are unpredictable, they need effective storage technologies and well-planned grid controls.

    -Financing: Hence, the challenge of having sufficient, but also cheap, funding for renewable power projects remains one of the significant approaches; especially for small and decentralized programs.

    Improvement Opportunity:

    Accelerated Deployment: To be precise with the government’s targets the use of renewable energy technologies will have to be scaled up further.

    R&D: Comprehensive financial commitment to additional development of more innovative RE technologies such as energy storage solutions and integration solutions will also be necessary.

    Decentralized Renewable Energy: Populate rural and marginalised areas with affordable renewable energy systems such as roof-top solar power; promote community infrastructure for renewable energy.

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Anya Sharma
  • 1
Anya SharmaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Evaluate India’s nuclear program’s benefits to the country’s energy security as well as its influence on foreign policy.

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Dua Mohanti
    Dua Mohanti Begginer

    India's Nuclear Program: A Critical Component of Energy Security Contribution to Energy Security: Reducing Dependence on Fossil Fuels: India's nuclear program has significantly reduced the country's dependence on fossil fuels, thereby reducing its reliance on imported oil and gas. Renewable Energy SRead more

    India’s Nuclear Program: A Critical Component of Energy Security

    Contribution to Energy Security:

    • Reducing Dependence on Fossil Fuels: India’s nuclear program has significantly reduced the country’s dependence on fossil fuels, thereby reducing its reliance on imported oil and gas.
    • Renewable Energy Source: Nuclear power is a clean and renewable energy source, which is essential for meeting India’s growing energy demands while reducing carbon emissions.
    • Enhanced Energy Security: The nuclear program has enhanced India’s energy security by providing a reliable and consistent source of electricity, which is essential for economic growth and development.

    Recent Examples:

    • Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant: The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, a joint project with Russia, is one of the largest nuclear power plants in India, providing a significant boost to the country’s energy security.
    • Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant: The Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant, a joint project with France, is expected to be one of the largest nuclear power plants in the world, further enhancing India’s energy security.

    Role in Shaping Foreign Policy:

    • Diplomatic Relationships: India’s nuclear program has helped strengthen diplomatic relationships with countries like Russia, France, and the United States, which are critical partners in the country’s foreign policy.
    • Non-Proliferation Regime: India’s nuclear program has played a significant role in shaping the country’s stance on non-proliferation issues, including its membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).
    • Global Leadership: India’s nuclear program has positioned the country as a global leader in nuclear technology, enabling it to take a leadership role in international forums and organizations like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

    Key Points:

    • Energy Security: India’s nuclear program is critical to the country’s energy security, providing a reliable and consistent source of electricity.
    • Foreign Policy: The nuclear program has played a significant role in shaping India’s foreign policy, including its diplomatic relationships and stance on non-proliferation issues.
    • Global Leadership: India’s nuclear program has positioned the country as a global leader in nuclear technology, enabling it to take a leadership role in international forums and organizations.
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Anya Sharma
  • 1
Anya SharmaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Evaluate the impact of information and communication technology on India’s economic development, governance, and social transformation.

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Dua Mohanti
    Dua Mohanti Begginer

    Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on India's Economic Growth, Governance, and Social Transformation Economic Growth: Job Creation: The rise of the IT sector has created a significant number of jobs, particularly in the tech industry. Increased Productivity: The use of digital techRead more

    Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on India’s Economic Growth, Governance, and Social Transformation

    Economic Growth:

    • Job Creation: The rise of the IT sector has created a significant number of jobs, particularly in the tech industry.
    • Increased Productivity: The use of digital technologies has increased productivity in various sectors, such as manufacturing and services.
    • Improved Supply Chain Management: Digital technologies have improved supply chain management, leading to increased efficiency and reduced costs.
    • Recent Examples:
      • Start-up India Initiative: The government’s initiative to promote entrepreneurship has led to the growth of start-ups, many of which are leveraging technology to drive innovation.

    Governance:

    • E-Governance: The implementation of e-governance initiatives, such as the MyGov platform and digital payment systems, has improved the efficiency and transparency of government services.
    • Digital Literacy: The government’s efforts to promote digital literacy have increased access to digital services and information.
    • Recent Examples:
      • Aadhaar Authentication: The use of Aadhaar authentication has improved the efficiency and accuracy of government services, such as disbursing subsidies and benefits.
      • Digital India Mission: The government’s Digital India mission aims to promote digital governance and create a digitally empowered society.

    Social Transformation:

    • Access to Education: The use of digital technologies has improved access to education, particularly in rural areas, through online courses and digital resources.
    • Access to Healthcare: Telemedicine services have improved access to healthcare services, particularly in remote areas.
    • Recent Examples:
      • Edtech Start-ups: Edtech start-ups, such as Byju’s and Unacademy, have leveraged digital technologies to provide affordable and accessible education.
      • Telemedicine Services: Telemedicine services, such as Medinfi and Practo, have improved access to healthcare services, particularly in rural areas.
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Disha Srivastava
  • 1
Disha SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Discuss the steps taken to close the urban-rural digital divide and promote equal access to technology.

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Mehak Mehara
    Mehak Mehara Begginer

    Bridging the Urban-Rural Digital Divide: A Critical Imperative Introduction: The urban-rural digital divide is a significant concern in India, with rural areas lagging behind in terms of access to technology and digital services. To bridge this gap, various measures have been undertaken to ensure eqRead more

    Bridging the Urban-Rural Digital Divide: A Critical Imperative

    Introduction: The urban-rural digital divide is a significant concern in India, with rural areas lagging behind in terms of access to technology and digital services. To bridge this gap, various measures have been undertaken to ensure equitable access to technology.

    Measures Undertaken:

    1. Digital India Initiative: The Digital India initiative, launched in 2015, aims to promote digital literacy and provide access to digital services in rural areas.
    2. National Optic Fiber Network (NOFN): NOFN, a project under the Digital India initiative, aims to provide broadband connectivity to all villages in the country.
    3. Public Wi-Fi: The government has launched public Wi-Fi initiatives in rural areas, providing free or low-cost internet access to citizens.
    4. Digital Literacy Programs: The government has launched various digital literacy programs, such as the “Digital Literacy Mission,” to educate rural citizens on the use of technology.
    5. Mobile First Approach: The government has adopted a mobile-first approach to provide digital services to rural areas, leveraging mobile devices as a primary means of accessing technology.
    6. Telemedicine Services: Telemedicine services have been introduced in rural areas to provide access to healthcare services remotely.
    7. E-Governance Services: E-governance services, such as online payment of bills and applications for government schemes, have been introduced in rural areas.

    Recent Examples:

    • The Jan Dhan Yojana Scheme: The Jan Dhan Yojana scheme, launched in 2014, has enabled over 30 crore people to open bank accounts, promoting financial inclusion and digital literacy.
    • The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana scheme, launched in 2016, has provided free LPG connections to over 8 crore women, promoting energy access and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
    • The National Broadband Mission: The National Broadband Mission aims to provide high-speed internet connectivity to all villages in the country by 2025.
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Urvi Nair
  • 1
Urvi NairBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Analyze the evolution of India’s science and technology policy framework, as well as its role in driving R&D.

upsc: science & technology since independence
  1. Dua Mohanti
    Dua Mohanti Begginer

    Evolution of India's Science and Technology Policy Framework: Early Years (1950s-1980s): Focus on Self-Reliance: The initial focus was on developing indigenous capabilities, particularly in areas like nuclear energy, space exploration, and defense technology. Government-Led Initiatives: The governmeRead more

    Evolution of India’s Science and Technology Policy Framework:

    Early Years (1950s-1980s):

    • Focus on Self-Reliance: The initial focus was on developing indigenous capabilities, particularly in areas like nuclear energy, space exploration, and defense technology.
    • Government-Led Initiatives: The government played a key role in promoting scientific research and development through institutions like the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST).

    Reforms and Liberalization (1990s-2000s):

    • Privatization and Public-Private Partnerships: The government introduced reforms to encourage private sector participation in research and development, leading to the establishment of institutions like the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR).
    • Increased Funding: The government increased funding for scientific research, with a focus on interdisciplinary research and technology development.

    Recent Developments (2010s-present):

    • Vision 2020: The Indian Government launched the “Vision 2020” initiative, which aimed to position India as a global leader in science and technology by 2020.
    • Make in India: The “Make in India” initiative, launched in 2014, emphasized the importance of indigenous manufacturing and innovation in driving economic growth.
    • Startup India: The “Startup India” initiative, launched in 2016, aimed to promote entrepreneurship and innovation in the country.
    • Mission Innovation: India has been actively participating in the Mission Innovation initiative, which aims to accelerate global innovation in clean energy technologies.

    Recent Examples:

    • The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO): ISRO’s successful launch of Chandrayaan-1, its first lunar mission, in 2008 marked a significant milestone in India’s space exploration capabilities.
    • The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER): The IISER is a network of institutions established to promote research excellence in basic sciences. The IISER has made significant contributions to various fields, including biology, chemistry, and physics.
    • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR): The ICMR has been actively involved in research on COVID-19, with several institutions working on vaccine development and treatment strategies.
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