Talk about the main clauses and constitutional structures that have influenced how India’s parliamentary democracy has operated since 1947.
The government of India,under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , declare a national emergency in 1975. The government uses Article 352 of Indian constitution, declaring a threat of internal security. The following were the reasons given by the government: 1) Economic Crisis: Indo-PakRead more
The government of India,under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , declare a national emergency in 1975. The government uses Article 352 of Indian constitution, declaring a threat of internal security.
The following were the reasons given by the government:
1) Economic Crisis: Indo-Pak war of 1971 put a heavy strain on India’s economy. US government also stopped all aid to India Post war. Also the rise in prices of oil and other commodities caused hardship for economy.
2) Student’s protest in Gujarat and Bihar: Due to rise in prices and unemployment, the students started an agitation against them. These protests were joined by opposition leaders.
3) JP Movement and Railway strike: JP Narayan gave a call for total revolution in the social economic and political spheres, in order to establish, what he considered, true democracy. Alongside this, the workers of Railways started a nationwide strike under the leadership of George Fernandes.
4) Judicial conflicts: Along with the ‘basic structure doctrine’ in Keshavananda Bharti Case, the tussle between judiciary and parliament began. Further, the tensions were ignited with the politically controversial appointment of Justice A.N. Ray as the chief Justice of India.
5) The verdict of Allahabad High Court: The order came on an election petition filed by Raj Narain, who contested against Indira Gandhi in 1971. The judgement declared that she is no more an MP.
The above mentioned reasons led to the promulgation of National Emergency in 1975.
The impacts of this was:
1. the strikes and Hartals were banned.
2. the opposition leaders were put in jails.
3. the government suspended Freedom of Press.
4. the various Fundamental rights (including Article 14, 19, 21 & 22 ) were suspended.
5. The government made extensive use of preventive detention.
6. the government bought in many amendments to the constitution through 42nd and 43rd constitutional amendments.
The 42nd CAA affected the constitution to the extent that it is called as ‘mini constitution’. During emergency, the election of 1976 were postponed to 1978 and as a result of emergency, Indira Gandhi lost the elections. The new government was formed by Janta Dal and various controversial amendments of 42nd and 43rd CAA were abrogated by 44th CAA.
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Constitutional Provisions and Mechanisms The Indian Constitution has been the foundation of the country's parliamentary democracy since its inception in 1947. The following key provisions and mechanisms have shaped the functioning of the democratic system: Parliamentary System ** unicameral legislatRead more
Constitutional Provisions and Mechanisms
The Indian Constitution has been the foundation of the country’s parliamentary democracy since its inception in 1947. The following key provisions and mechanisms have shaped the functioning of the democratic system:
Parliamentary System
Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles
Separation of Powers
Recent Examples:
Key Points:
- Independent institutions: The Constitution has established various independent institutions to ensure accountability, transparency, and effective governance.
- Protection of individual rights: The Constitution has enshrined fundamental rights to protect individual freedoms and dignity.
- Separation of powers: The Constitution has established a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one branch of government dominates the others.
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