Model Answer

Introduction

The Indian party system, characterized by its diverse political landscape, is currently navigating a phase of transition filled with complexities. This evolution reflects the dynamic nature of India’s democracy and the multifaceted forces at play within its political institutions.

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Rise of Regional Parties

In recent years, regional parties have gained significant traction, often addressing local aspirations and identities. For instance, the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) gained prominence in Delhi, while the Trinamool Congress (TMC) emerged as a powerful force in West Bengal. Although these parties promote federalism by giving voice to regional concerns, they can also lead to fragmentation within the political landscape, complicating national governance (Source: Chhibber, P., & Kollman, K. (2004). The Formation of National Party Systems).

National Parties’ Changing Dynamics

The shift in the dominance of national parties is another hallmark of this transitional phase. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has emerged as the preeminent national party, particularly evident in the 2014 and 2019 general elections, where it significantly weakened the long-standing reign of the Indian National Congress (INC). This change reflects a broader realignment in Indian politics, showcasing the complexities of party loyalty and voter behavior (Source: Kumar, A. (2020). Electoral Politics in India: The New Normal).

Coalition Politics

The landscape of coalition politics is yet another paradox. The formation of alliances, such as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), mirrors the diversity of Indian society. However, it also poses challenges for political stability, as coalition partners often have conflicting agendas and priorities (Source: Jaffrelot, C. (2019). The BJP: The Rise of Hindu Nationalism in India).

Influence of Social Media

Lastly, the role of social media in shaping political narratives cannot be overlooked. The BJP’s effective use of social media during elections illustrates its power in mobilizing support. However, this also raises concerns about misinformation and the overall quality of political discourse, highlighting a paradox in modern political engagement (Source: Sharma, K. (2021). Social Media and Political Communication in India).

Conclusion

As India’s democracy evolves, it is imperative to confront these contradictions and paradoxes to ensure the stability and integrity of its political system while accommodating the diverse aspirations of its citizens.

Model Answer

Introduction

The debate surrounding the increase of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indian news media is significant, especially as the current cap stands at 26%, compared to 100% in non-news sectors. This proposal carries potential advantages and disadvantages.

Pros of Increasing FDI in News Media

1. Enhanced Technology and Infrastructure: Increased FDI may introduce advanced technologies and better infrastructure. Foreign investors often bring cutting-edge systems that can enhance reporting capabilities and broaden outreach (Source: Press Information Bureau).
2. Financial Stability: The influx of foreign capital could provide much-needed financial support for struggling news outlets. This would enable them to expand operations and improve content quality (Source: Economic Times).
3. Global Perspective: Foreign investment can infuse a global viewpoint into Indian journalism, enriching the diversity of news coverage. This broader perspective can facilitate a better understanding of international issues (Source: The Hindu).
4. Employment Opportunities: Increased investment could lead to job creation within the sector, contributing positively to the economy (Source: Business Standard).

Cons of Increasing FDI in News Media

1. Risk to Editorial Independence: Increased foreign ownership may influence editorial policies, compromising the objectivity and independence of news organizations (Source: MediaNama).
2. Cultural Influence: There is a concern about foreign entities shaping Indian culture and societal norms, potentially leading to a dilution of local values (Source: The Indian Express).
3. Risk of Monopolization: Large foreign media corporations could dominate the Indian market, sidelining smaller, local news outlets and reducing media diversity (Source: The Wire).
4. Data Security and Privacy: Foreign ownership raises concerns regarding data security and privacy, as sensitive information may be at risk (Source: Cybersecurity & Privacy Journal).

Conclusion

While increasing FDI in Indian news media could enhance technological capabilities and financial stability, it is crucial to address potential risks to editorial independence and cultural integrity. A balanced approach with robust regulatory frameworks is essential to harness the benefits of foreign investment while safeguarding the sector’s autonomy.

Model Answer

Introduction

The President of India holds the constitutional authority to grant pardons and commute sentences under Article 72 of the Indian Constitution. However, the absence of a specified time limit for deciding mercy petitions has led to significant delays, often resulting in public outcry and debates about justice, particularly in cases involving death sentences.

Arguments for a Time Limit

Right to Speedy Justice

One of the primary arguments for establishing a time limit is the right to speedy justice, which is enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution. Delays in deciding mercy petitions can infringe upon this right, leaving convicts in a state of uncertainty and distress.

Humanitarian Concerns

Long delays can exacerbate the mental anguish experienced by convicts awaiting a decision on their fate, a phenomenon often referred to as the “death row phenomenon.” This psychological toll raises ethical concerns about the prolonged suffering of individuals facing execution.

Arguments Against a Time Limit

Complexity of Cases

Opponents of a time limit argue that cases involving capital punishment are inherently complex and require thorough consideration. The decision to grant a pardon or commute a death sentence carries irreversible consequences, necessitating adequate time for review.

Political Implications

Additionally, the political ramifications of mercy petitions can be significant. Imposing a time limit may rush the decision-making process, potentially leading to hasty conclusions that do not fully consider the nuances of each case.

Case Example

The case of Devender Pal Singh Bhullar, whose mercy petition was pending for over eight years before rejection, exemplifies the issue of delay. The Supreme Court of India ruled in 2014 that inordinate delays in deciding mercy petitions could be grounds for commutation of a death sentence, highlighting the need for timely justice.

Conclusion

While the need for speedy justice and alleviating the suffering of convicts is paramount, it is equally important to allow sufficient time for comprehensive case reviews. A balanced approach, possibly through the establishment of guidelines for reasonable timeframes, could help address these competing concerns without imposing rigid requirements.