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Home/upsc: important international institutions

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the WTO as a key international institution. Mention its significance in global trade and decision-making. 2. Mandate of the WTO Explain the primary functions of the WTO: Regulating international trade. Providing a forum for trade negotiations. Settling trade disputes. Promoting economic ...

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) holds a crucial position as an international institution, impacting countries profoundly through the decisions it takes. Established in 1995, the WTO serves as a platform for member nations to negotiate and regulate global trade rules, resRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The World Trade Organization (WTO) holds a crucial position as an international institution, impacting countries profoundly through the decisions it takes. Established in 1995, the WTO serves as a platform for member nations to negotiate and regulate global trade rules, resolve trade disputes, and promote economic cooperation.

    Body

    Role and Implications of WTO Decisions
    Decisions made within the WTO framework have far-reaching implications for economies worldwide. The organization’s agreements cover various sectors, including goods, services, intellectual property rights, and trade-related aspects of investment. These agreements shape trade policies and regulations, impacting market access, tariffs, subsidies, and other trade-related measures.

    Benefits of WTO Participation
    WTO provides a forum to voice concerns and protect national interests, ensures fair and predictable trade practices, facilitates market access for goods and services, and fosters economic growth through global trade. The WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism serves as a critical tool for resolving conflicts between member nations, maintaining stability, and upholding the rule-based international trading system.

    Challenges Faced by the WTO
    The WTO faces numerous challenges, including trade imbalances, protectionism, and non-tariff barriers. Developing countries seek fairer trade rules and greater participation, while developed nations aim to protect their industries and address intellectual property rights.

    India’s Stand on Food Security Talks
    India’s stance on the latest round of talks on food security has been a subject of critical analysis. The country has consistently advocated for safeguarding its food security concerns, particularly regarding public stockholding and minimum support prices. Critics argue that India’s insistence on protecting these measures can hinder global trade liberalization efforts, distorting agricultural markets and creating trade barriers.

    India’s Perspective on Food Security
    India asserts that its policies are essential to address domestic poverty, rural development, and food self-sufficiency goals. The country emphasizes the importance of protecting the livelihoods of millions of small-scale farmers who depend on agriculture for their income and sustenance. From India’s perspective, any agreement on food security must consider the specific challenges faced by developing countries and provide flexibility to accommodate their needs.

    Conclusion

    The WTO is an essential international institution that plays a crucial role in regulating global trade. The decisions taken by the organization are binding on member countries, but the extent of their implementation depends on political will and specific circumstances. India’s stand on food security at the latest round of WTO talks highlights the challenges faced by developing countries in advocating for their interests and securing their food security.

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Reena Bhatt
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Reena BhattBegginer
Asked: August 20, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Briefly introduce ECOSOC as a principal organ of the United Nations. Thesis Statement: State that ECOSOC plays a vital role in promoting economic and social cooperation and has several functional commissions that support its objectives. 2. Main ...

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is a principal organ of the UN, essential for promoting international economic and social cooperation. It facilitates coordination among various UN bodies, specialized agencies, and other international organizations. MRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is a principal organ of the UN, essential for promoting international economic and social cooperation. It facilitates coordination among various UN bodies, specialized agencies, and other international organizations.

    Main Functions of ECOSOC

    1. Coordination

    ECOSOC serves as a platform for coordinating economic and social development policies. It fosters dialogue and collaboration among UN agencies and international organizations to achieve global development goals.

    2. Policy Formulation

    The council develops policies and guidelines for economic and social development. Through research and analysis, it addresses global development issues, informing effective policymaking.

    3. Standard-Setting

    ECOSOC sets international standards on a variety of economic, social, and environmental issues. It promotes global policies and practices aimed at sustainable development.

    4. Financing for Development

    The council coordinates and promotes global financing for development, mobilizing resources through partnerships with governments, international financial institutions, and the private sector.

    Functional Commissions Attached to ECOSOC

    1. Commission on Population and Development

    This commission focuses on population policies and their implications for economic and social development, reviewing and recommending policies related to population growth and migration.

    2. Commission on Science and Technology for Development

    It emphasizes the role of science and technology in development, promoting policies that advance these fields and support technology transfer to developing countries.

    3. Commission on Sustainable Development

    This commission is dedicated to promoting sustainable development globally, addressing environmental challenges such as climate change and ecosystem management.

    4. Commission on Narcotic Drugs

    Focused on drug control, this commission develops strategies to combat drug trafficking, abuse, and addiction through comprehensive policies.

    Conclusion

    ECOSOC is vital for fostering international economic and social cooperation. Its various commissions, including those on population, science and technology, sustainable development, and narcotic drugs, address critical issues related to global development. Through its efforts, ECOSOC contributes significantly to achieving the UN’s sustainable development goals.

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Pankaj Gautam
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Pankaj GautamLearner
Asked: June 6, 2024In:
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Talk about the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) contribution to nuclear safety. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Apurva Singh
    Apurva Singh Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) contribution to nuclear safety

    International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) contribution to nuclear safety

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Nitu Singh
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Nitu SinghBegginer
Asked: June 6, 2024In:
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Highlight India’s involvement in UN peacekeeping missions. It also draws attention to the difficulties that the UN peacekeeping personnel encounter. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Animesh Singh
    Animesh Singh Learner

    Answer: The UN peacekeeping forces have been helping countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace for over seven decades. UN peacekeepers have undertaken 71 field missions and a total of 119 countries have contributed military and police personnel to UN peacekeeping including India.Read more

    Answer: The UN peacekeeping forces have been helping countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace for over seven decades. UN peacekeepers have undertaken 71 field missions and a total of 119 countries have contributed military and police personnel to UN peacekeeping including India. India’s contributions towards UN peacekeeping efforts include:

    • India has a long and distinguished history of service in UN peacekeeping, having contributed more personnel than any other country. To date, more than 2,53,000 Indians have served in 49 of the 71 UN peacekeeping missions established around the world since 1948.
    • India served as chair of the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina.
    • In 2007, India became the first country to deploy an all-women contingent to a UN peacekeeping mission in Liberia.
    • Indian peacekeepers in the South Sudan mission also distinguished themselves through humanitarian service, including organizing medical camps, providing vocational training, carrying out significant road repair work, etc.
    • The Indian contingent in the Upper Nile region received UN medals of honor for their dedication and service in peacekeeping. to UN missions.
    • Indian peacekeepers have also brought the ancient Indian practice of yoga Members of the UN mission in Lebanon, UNIFIL and UNMISS, South Sudan celebrate International Yoga Day.
    • India has also provided 15 Force Commanders to various missions and was the first country to contribute to the Trust Fund on sexual exploitation and abuse, which was set up in 2016.
    • As many as 177 Indian peacekeepers have lost their lives while serving in UN peacekeeping missions, the highest from any troop-contributing country.

    Challenges currently faced by the UN peacekeeping force:

    • Safety of peacekeepers: The UN Security Council needs to call on host nations to ensure the implementation of measures adopted by the Council under Resolution 2589 of 2021 to address the issue of impunity of crimes against peacekeepers.
    • Redundant missions: There are several examples of missions without any exit strategy, thereby draining the UN’s depleting resources. For instance, the UN mission to the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2021 continues to deploy 17783 people including 12,384 troops despite starting as a small mission.
    • Organizational challenges: Issues such as lack of coordination between the host nation and peacekeeping forces, no role of troop and police-contributing countries in the decision-making process, etc. result in unrealistic mission mandates. Further, the lack of power on the part of the UN Secretariat to ensure accountability of military forces deployed on UN missions leads to poor execution.
    • Operational challenges: There is a need to introduce new and advanced technology in peacekeeping missions as well as strengthen the capabilities of the host states’ security forces to overcome security and mandate implementation challenges. Moving forward, prudent deployment of peacekeeping missions and establishing trust and coordination between the peacekeeping mission’s leadership and the host state would remain the key to achieving desired outcomes.
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Pankaj Gautam
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Pankaj GautamLearner
Asked: June 6, 2024In:
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India will have more access to the area and stronger economic connections with the United Arab Emirates thanks to the India-UAE CEPA. Talk about it. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Prateek
    Prateek Learner

    Answer: The UAE is India's third largest trade partner after the USA and China and the second largest export destination. This relationship got a further boost recently with the signing of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in 2022. India-UAE CEPA is the UAE's first comprehensivRead more

    Answer: The UAE is India’s third largest trade partner after the USA and China and the second largest export destination. This relationship got a further boost recently with the signing of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in 2022. India-UAE CEPA is the UAE’s first comprehensive strategic partnership with any country, and it is India’s first Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in a decade. One of the primary objectives is to increase the bilateral non-oil trade to US$ 100 billion in the next five years. Economic significance of India-UAE CEPA, which will enhance India’s engagement in the region

    • Goods Trade: India is expected to benefit from preferential market access covering over 99% of Indian exports to the UAE in value terms, especially for sectors such as gems and jewelry, textiles, leather, medical devices, automobiles, etc.
    • Services Trade: Indian service providers will have access to about 111 UAE sub-sectors from the 11 broad service categories such as business services, communication services, construction, educational services, etc.
    • Employment Generation: It is also expected that the CEPA would generate 1 million jobs across multiple labor-intensive sectors, inter alia gems and jewelry, textiles, leather, footwear, furniture, agriculture and food products, plastics, etc. It will also improve the working environment for the large Indian workforce working in the UAE.
    • Access to Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: It will provide access to markets of other countries in these regions and also serve as a template for a similar agreement with other countries in this region Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain.
    • FDI flows: The CEPA is expected to accelerate FDI inflows from the UAE into India.

    Other benefits under the agreement, which will enhance India’s access in the region

    • Cultural cooperation: It sets up the India-UAE Cultural Council to promote cross-cultural exchanges and dialogue between thought leaders.
    • Environment: Both countries have decided to cooperate on the implementation of the Paris Agreement and focus on clean energy like green hydrogen.
    • Education: Both countries agreed to establish world-class institutions to drive innovation and technological progress. The first-ever IIT overseas is to be set up in the UAE.
    • Cooperation in international affairs, and defense and security: Both countries agreed to support each other in defense and security to maintain peace in the region.
    • Miscellaneous: The agreement will also benefit both countries in areas like food security, health, skill development, emerging technologies, etc.

    Along with these benefits, CEPA has a safeguard mechanism for sudden surges in imports, and strict country-of-origin rules to prevent products from other countries from moving via the CEPA route. Hence, the CEPA is a historic future-looking agreement that will benefit both India and the UAE in the long run in various ways.

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Pranay Chopra
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Pranay ChopraBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Examine how the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has assisted India in settling maritime and territorial issues with its neighbors, including the Pakistani case of Kulbhushan Jadhav. Describe how India’s foreign policy is impacted by international legal systems.

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Shree Shree Singh
    Shree Shree Singh Begginer

    The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has played a crucial role in resolving India's territorial and maritime disputes with its neighbors. One notable example is the Kulbhushan Jadhav case with Pakistan. **Kulbhushan Jadhav case:** 1. **Background:** Kulbhushan Jadhav, an Indian naval officer, waRead more

    The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has played a crucial role in resolving India’s territorial and maritime disputes with its neighbors. One notable example is the Kulbhushan Jadhav case with Pakistan.

    **Kulbhushan Jadhav case:**

    1. **Background:** Kulbhushan Jadhav, an Indian naval officer, was arrested by Pakistan in 2016 and sentenced to death for espionage and terrorism. India contested the detention, claiming it was arbitrary and violating international law.
    2. **ICJ intervention:** India approached the ICJ, requesting a stay on Jadhav’s execution and seeking his release. The ICJ issued an interim order, staying the execution and asking Pakistan to maintain Jadhav’s status quo until the court made a final decision.
    3. **Final decision:** In 2017, the ICJ ruled that Pakistan had violated the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations by not informing India about Jadhav’s detention and denying him consular access. The court ordered Pakistan to release Jadhav or provide adequate guarantees for his safety and well-being.

    **Significance of international legal frameworks in India’s foreign policy:**

    1. **Compliance with international law:** India recognizes the importance of adhering to international law in resolving disputes with its neighbors. The ICJ’s decision in the Jadhav case underscores India’s commitment to upholding international law and promoting peaceful dispute resolution.
    2. **Deterrence and deterrence diplomacy:** By approaching the ICJ, India demonstrated its willingness to use international legal frameworks to deter Pakistan from taking actions that violate international law. This approach sends a message to other countries that India will vigorously defend its interests and nationals through legal means.
    3. **Enhancing diplomatic leverage:** The ICJ’s involvement in the Jadhav case helped India to gain diplomatic leverage over Pakistan, as the court’s ruling put pressure on Pakistan to comply with its obligations under international law.
    4. **Promoting regional stability:** By pursuing legal remedies through the ICJ, India can help promote regional stability by reducing tensions and avoiding military escalation in conflicts with neighboring countries.

    **Other cases:**

    1. **Indus Waters Treaty:** India has been locked in a dispute with Pakistan over the Indus Waters Treaty, which governs water sharing between the two countries. India has approached the World Bank-mediated arbitration process to resolve the dispute.
    2. **China-India border disputes:** India has raised concerns about China’s activities along their shared border, including construction of infrastructure and troop deployments. India has sought international support, including from the United Nations, to resolve these disputes peacefully.
    3. **Maritime boundary disputes:** India has disputes with countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar over maritime boundaries. India has sought to resolve these disputes through bilateral negotiations and international arbitration mechanisms.

    In conclusion, the ICJ plays a vital role in resolving India’s territorial and maritime disputes with its neighbors. The significance of international legal frameworks in India’s foreign policy lies in promoting compliance with international law, deterring aggressive actions, enhancing diplomatic leverage, and promoting regional stability. By engaging with international legal mechanisms, India can effectively address its disputes and protect its interests while upholding its commitments to international law and diplomacy.

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Prakher Singh
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Prakher SinghBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Examine India’s participation in the International Labor Organization (ILO) and its initiatives to advance social security, workplace safety, and labor rights in light of globalization and the evolving nature of the labor force.

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Varun Nayak
    Varun Nayak Begginer

    India’s engagement with the International Labour Organization (ILO) reflects its commitment to improving labor rights, workplace safety, and social security, particularly in the context of globalization and the evolving nature of work. Here’s an analysis of India’s involvement with the ILO and its eRead more

    India’s engagement with the International Labour Organization (ILO) reflects its commitment to improving labor rights, workplace safety, and social security, particularly in the context of globalization and the evolving nature of work. Here’s an analysis of India’s involvement with the ILO and its efforts in these areas:

    India’s Engagement with the ILO
    1. Membership and Participation:

    ILO Membership: India has been a member of the ILO since 1923, participating in the organization’s conventions, conferences, and committees. It engages with ILO’s policies and standards to align its national labor laws with international norms.
    Active Participation: India has been an active participant in ILO discussions and negotiations, contributing to global labor standards and adopting various ILO conventions and recommendations.
    2. Key Areas of Engagement:

    a. Adoption of ILO Conventions:

    Ratification: India has ratified several ILO conventions related to labor rights, workplace safety, and social security. These include conventions on forced labor, child labor, discrimination, and employment promotion.
    Implementation: The implementation of these conventions involves integrating ILO standards into national labor laws and practices, often requiring reforms and adjustments.
    b. Labor Rights and Workplace Safety:

    Promotion of Rights: India’s engagement with the ILO includes efforts to promote labor rights such as freedom of association, the right to collective bargaining, and the elimination of child labor and forced labor.
    Workplace Safety: The country has worked on improving workplace safety through legislation and regulations, aligning with ILO standards to ensure safe working conditions and reduce occupational hazards.
    c. Social Security:

    Social Protection Systems: India has made strides in enhancing social security systems, including health insurance, pension schemes, and unemployment benefits. Initiatives like the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF) and the Employees’ State Insurance Scheme (ESIS) reflect efforts to provide comprehensive social protection.
    ILO Collaboration: Collaboration with the ILO has supported the development and strengthening of social protection systems, including efforts to extend coverage to informal sector workers and vulnerable populations.
    Efforts to Address Globalization and the Changing Nature of Work
    1. Addressing Globalization:

    Labor Market Reforms: India has undertaken labor market reforms to adapt to globalization, including changes in labor laws to enhance flexibility, improve ease of doing business, and attract foreign investment.
    Protection of Workers’ Rights: Efforts have been made to balance the benefits of globalization with the protection of workers’ rights, addressing issues such as job security, fair wages, and working conditions.
    2. Adapting to the Changing Nature of Work:

    Informal Sector: A significant portion of India’s workforce is employed in the informal sector, which poses challenges for labor rights and social security. The ILO’s guidance has been instrumental in formulating policies to extend protections to informal workers and improve their working conditions.
    Gig Economy: The rise of the gig economy and temporary work arrangements requires new approaches to labor rights and social security. India has been exploring ways to address the needs of gig workers through policy reforms and regulatory frameworks.
    3. Key Initiatives and Programs:

    National Policy on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship: Aimed at enhancing skills and employment opportunities, this policy supports the development of a skilled workforce in response to global economic trends.
    Labour Codes Reform: The consolidation of various labor laws into four labor codes (on wages, social security, industrial relations, and occupational safety) represents an effort to simplify and modernize labor regulations while ensuring compliance with international standards.
    Challenges and Areas for Improvement
    1. Implementation and Compliance:

    Effective Implementation: Ensuring effective implementation of labor laws and ILO conventions remains a challenge. There is a need for robust enforcement mechanisms and monitoring systems to ensure compliance.
    Alignment with Global Standards: Continuous efforts are required to align national regulations with evolving ILO standards and address gaps in implementation.
    2. Inclusivity and Coverage:

    Informal Sector Coverage: Extending social security and labor rights protections to informal sector workers remains a significant challenge. Strategies to integrate informal workers into formal systems are essential.
    Addressing Inequality: Ensuring that labor rights and social security measures are inclusive and address the needs of marginalized and vulnerable groups is crucial.
    3. Adapting to Technological Changes:

    Technology and Work: The impact of technological advancements on labor markets, including automation and digital platforms, necessitates adaptive policies and innovative approaches to protect workers and ensure fair working conditions.
    Suggestions for Improvement
    1. Strengthening Legal Frameworks:

    Update and Harmonize Laws: Regularly update and harmonize labor laws to align with ILO standards and address emerging issues related to globalization and technological change.
    Enhance Enforcement: Improve enforcement mechanisms and capacity building for labor inspectors to ensure compliance with labor laws and safety regulations.
    2. Expanding Social Security Coverage:

    Universal Coverage: Work towards extending social security coverage to all workers, including those in the informal sector and gig economy, through inclusive policies and programs.
    Innovative Solutions: Explore innovative solutions for providing social protection, such as portable benefits and flexible insurance schemes for diverse working arrangements.
    3. Promoting Dialogue and Collaboration:

    Tripartite Dialogue: Foster dialogue and collaboration between government, employers, and workers’ organizations to address labor issues and develop effective policies.
    International Cooperation: Continue to engage with the ILO and other international bodies to share best practices, learn from global experiences, and address common challenges.
    Conclusion
    India’s engagement with the International Labour Organization (ILO) has played a crucial role in shaping its labor policies and addressing challenges related to labor rights, workplace safety, and social security. The country’s efforts to align with ILO standards and adapt to globalization and the changing nature of work reflect its commitment to improving labor conditions and promoting social protection.

    Opportunities for improvement include strengthening legal frameworks, expanding social security coverage, and promoting dialogue and collaboration. Challenges involve ensuring effective implementation, addressing gaps in coverage, and adapting to technological and economic changes. A proactive and inclusive approach will be essential for India to advance labor rights, workplace safety, and social security in line with international standards and the evolving global landscape.

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Devika C
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Devika CBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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How can candidates maintain motivation and mental well-being throughout the long and often strenuous UPSC preparation journey?

upsc: bilateral relationsupsc: elections & representation of people’s actupsc: features of indian constitutionupsc: important international institutionsupsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Varun Nautiyal
    Varun Nautiyal Begginer

    The UPSC marathon requires mental fortitude alongside intellectual muscle. Here's how aspirants can stay motivated and well: Fuel the Mind and Body: Prioritize quality sleep (7-8 hours) for focus and memory. Eat a balanced diet to keep energy levels high. Schedule regular exercise to combat stress aRead more

    The UPSC marathon requires mental fortitude alongside intellectual muscle. Here’s how aspirants can stay motivated and well:

    1. Fuel the Mind and Body: Prioritize quality sleep (7-8 hours) for focus and memory. Eat a balanced diet to keep energy levels high. Schedule regular exercise to combat stress and improve concentration.
    2. Structure and Breaks: Create a realistic study plan with achievable goals. Break down the syllabus into manageable chunks to avoid feeling overwhelmed. Take short breaks every 45-60 minutes to prevent mental fatigue. Step away from books and unwind with activities you enjoy.
    3. Positive Reinforcement: Celebrate small wins and milestones. Reward yourself for completing tasks to maintain motivation. Track progress in a journal to visualize your journey.
    4. Mindfulness and Support: Practice meditation or deep breathing exercises to manage stress and anxiety. Connect with fellow aspirants for support and share experiences. Talk to friends and family who believe in you. Don’t hesitate to seek professional help if needed.
    5. Focus on the Why: Remind yourself of your purpose for pursuing the UPSC dream. Visualize the impact you can make as a civil servant. Keep the bigger picture in mind during challenging moments.
    Remember, the UPSC journey is a marathon, not a sprint. By prioritizing well-being alongside studies, aspirants can stay motivated and focused on achieving their dream.
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Rani Singh
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Rani SinghLearner
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Analyze India’s involvement with the World Health Organization (WHO), particularly in the midst of the COVID-19 epidemic, and its contributions to the governance of world health, including the manufacturing and dispensing of medications and vaccinations

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Karan Deshmukh
    Karan Deshmukh Begginer

    India plays a significant role in the World Health Organization (WHO), especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and contributes substantially to global health governance, particularly in the production and distribution of vaccines and medicines. Here’s an examination of India’s role: 1.Read more

    India plays a significant role in the World Health Organization (WHO), especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and contributes substantially to global health governance, particularly in the production and distribution of vaccines and medicines. Here’s an examination of India’s role:

    1. Role in the World Health Organization (WHO):
    Participation and Leadership:
    Member State: India is a founding member of the WHO and actively participates in its governance structures, including the World Health Assembly (WHA) and various technical committees.
    Regional Representation: India holds leadership positions in WHO’s South-East Asia Region, influencing regional health policies and initiatives.
    Contributions to Global Health Policies:
    Policy Advocacy: India advocates for equitable access to healthcare and affordable medicines on the global stage, influencing WHO policies on generic medicines and public health.
    Technical Expertise: Indian experts contribute to WHO’s technical guidelines, research initiatives, and capacity-building programs, particularly in areas like infectious diseases and maternal health.
    2. Role During the COVID-19 Pandemic:
    Vaccine Production and Distribution:
    Vaccine Manufacturing Hub: India is known as the pharmacy of the world due to its capacity in pharmaceuticals and vaccine production.
    COVAX Initiative: India has been a key contributor to the COVAX facility, which aims to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines globally, particularly through the production of AstraZeneca’s vaccine (Covishield).
    Global Assistance:
    Vaccine Diplomacy: India has engaged in vaccine diplomacy, supplying vaccines to neighboring countries and other developing nations to support their vaccination campaigns.
    Medical Supplies: India provided medical supplies and expertise to countries facing severe COVID-19 outbreaks, showcasing solidarity and global health leadership.
    3. Contributions to Global Health Governance:
    Pharmaceutical Industry:
    Generic Medicines: India’s pharmaceutical industry produces high-quality generic medicines at affordable prices, contributing significantly to global healthcare access, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
    Patent Issues: India advocates for flexibilities in intellectual property rights, allowing for the production of affordable generic versions of essential medicines.
    Research and Development:
    Clinical Trials: India hosts clinical trials for global health interventions, contributing data and expertise to global research efforts.
    Public Health Initiatives: India collaborates with WHO and other international organizations on public health programs, such as disease surveillance and prevention strategies.
    Conclusion:
    India’s role in the WHO and global health governance has been pivotal, particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through its vaccine production capabilities, advocacy for equitable healthcare access, and contributions to global health policies, India has demonstrated leadership and solidarity in addressing global health challenges. Moving forward, India’s engagement in WHO and continued contributions to vaccine distribution, healthcare innovation, and public health initiatives will be crucial for strengthening global health security and achieving health equity worldwide.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Purpose: Introduce the role of international funding agencies and their conditions for economic participation. Thesis Statement: Present the question regarding the merits of sourcing aid for equipment from leading countries and whether India should accept such conditions. 2. ...

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction International funding agencies often impose terms that require a significant portion of aid to be used for sourcing equipment from leading countries. For instance, agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) frequently stipulate that recipient cRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    International funding agencies often impose terms that require a significant portion of aid to be used for sourcing equipment from leading countries. For instance, agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) frequently stipulate that recipient countries must prioritize procurement from established global suppliers. This raises important questions about the implications of such conditions for India.

    Merits of Such Terms

    Facilitate Technology Transfer

    One of the primary advantages of these conditions is the potential for technology transfer. By sourcing equipment from leading countries, India can gain access to advanced technologies and expertise, which can enhance its industrial capabilities.

    Stimulate Job Creation

    Sourcing equipment from foreign manufacturers can also stimulate job creation within the country. As local companies engage with advanced technologies, they can improve their operations and potentially expand their workforce.

    Reasons Against Accepting Such Conditions in India

    Hinders Self-Sufficiency

    Accepting these conditions may undermine India’s efforts to develop self-sufficiency in manufacturing. Relying heavily on foreign imports can stifle the growth of domestic industries, limiting innovation and production capabilities.

    Limits Diversification

    Such terms restrict India’s ability to diversify its economic ties. By fostering dependence on specific foreign suppliers, India risks creating imbalances in trade and economic relationships.

    Risk of Debt Trap

    Accepting conditional funding can lead to accumulating debt. If the performance of the imported equipment does not meet expectations, the country may struggle with repayment, potentially falling into a debt trap.

    Disadvantages Local Industry

    Sourcing equipment from leading countries can disadvantage local manufacturers. They may find it challenging to compete with foreign suppliers, which can hinder the development of domestic expertise and technology.

    Conclusion

    India must carefully evaluate the terms of economic participation in foreign aid. While there are merits to technology transfer and job creation, the long-term risks of dependence on foreign suppliers and potential stifling of local industry cannot be overlooked. A strategic approach is essential to balance immediate benefits with long-term economic independence and growth.

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भारत-अमेरिका संबंध: सहयोग और संघर्ष के क्षेत्र

मुख्य विषय: भारत-अमेरिका संबंधों की मजबूती, विशेषकर रक्षा, प्रौद्योगिकी और क्षेत्रीय सहयोग में प्रगति। सहयोग के प्रमुख क्षेत्र 1. रक्षा एवं सुरक्षा सहयोग भारत और अमेरिका के बीच रक्षा संबंधों का विस्तार। प्रमुख रक्षा साझेदार (MDP) का दर्जा और STA-1 ...

On: February 22, 2025 Comments: 0

India’s Disaster Management

The article discusses the growing tensions between the Centre and states regarding disaster relief funding in India. It emphasizes the need for a transparent and equitable disaster management framework. Key Disaster Threats India Faces Increasing Frequency of Extreme Weather Events ...

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