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Home/upsc: important international institutions

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Kalpna Mehara
  • 1
Kalpna MeharaLearner
Asked: June 8, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) contribution to global justice and peace in a critical manner. Talk about India’s continued exclusion from the ICC as well.(Answer in 150 words)

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Shirley Jeralina S
    Shirley Jeralina S Begginer

    The ICC has a complex role in international peace and justice. It holds perpetrators of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes accountable, potentially deterring future atrocities. However, critics argue the ICC is biased towards prosecuting African leaders while overlooking powerful natiRead more

    The ICC has a complex role in international peace and justice. It holds perpetrators of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes accountable, potentially deterring future atrocities. However, critics argue the ICC is biased towards prosecuting African leaders while overlooking powerful nations.
    India’s reasons for staying out of the ICC are multifaceted. One concern is the court’s lack of jurisdiction over powerful countries like those with veto power in the UN Security Council. Additionally, India fears the ICC could be misused for politically motivated prosecutions. These factors, along with a desire to maintain national sovereignty, contribute to India’s continued exclusion.

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Kalpna Mehara
  • 1
Kalpna MeharaLearner
Asked: June 8, 2024In:
  • 1

For UN Peacekeeping to continue serving its intended purpose, adjustments are necessary. Talk about the difficulties the UN Peacekeeping is facing in this situation. Additionally, recommend changes to enhance how it operates. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Mansi Gautam
    Mansi Gautam Learner

    Answer: United Nations Peacekeeping is a joint effort between its Department of Peace Operations and the Department of Operational Support. Every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the Security Council and forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis. Peacekeeping is one of the moRead more

    Answer: United Nations Peacekeeping is a joint effort between its Department of Peace Operations and the Department of Operational Support. Every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the Security Council and forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis. Peacekeeping is one of the most effective tools in the promotion and maintenance of international peace and security owing to its unique strengths such as legitimacy, burden sharing, deployment of troops around the world and integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to enforce various multidimensional mandates. However, the physical and political fragility of conflict situations limit the likelihood of success. Peacekeeping faces several challenges that undermine its ability to deliver on its mandates:

    • Change in nature of armed conflicts: The nature of conflicts has changed over the years, and peacekeeping, which originally emerged to deal with interstate conflicts, began to be applied to intrastate conflicts including civil wars, organized crime and new generation of weapons.
    • Peacekeepers have become targets: Peacekeepers often go where no one else is prepared to go. However, incidents of attack on peacekeepers have become common.
    • Elusive political solutions: With the closure of UNOCI and UNMIL, several missions are deployed in the face of weak political agreement, diminished consent and stalled peace processes with vague exit strategies.
    • Broad and complex mandates: Peacekeeping missions have been given staggering tasks and wide-ranging responsibilities. At the same time, regional partnerships, though critical, are often unable to deliver the necessary political impact.
    • Performance issues: There are challenges related to maintenance of well structured, equipped and trained forces, participation of women in peacekeeping, accountability for perpetrators of sexual exploitation and abuse and other forms of misconduct.
    • Lack of stronger commitment: All the actors in support of peacekeeping efforts, from political to operational spheres, lack stronger commitment which is needed to achieve peacekeeping excellence.

    The accomplishments from past missions have raised the expectations from UN peacekeeping beyond its capacity to deliver. To respond to these challenges, following reforms are needed:

    • Institutionalization: Time has come to move from pursuit of activism of individual member states to collective action by the Council. There is a need for greater and effective cooperation between Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs), the Security Council and the Secretariat.
    • Incentivization: As of July, 2019, women peacekeepers constituted 6 per cent. There is a need to provide special incentives for women peacekeepers and priority deployment of all women- unit pledges.
    • Innovation: Innovation in capacity building of peacekeepers needs to be a priority. This can be done through innovative options such as co-deployment of peacekeepers, enhancing capabilities and capacities through Mobile Training Teams and expansion of online initiatives to develop capacities of future commanders and managers.
    • Future proofing: There is further need of better training of peacekeepers and involvement of experts from various fields in peacekeeping in order to better deal with emerging challenges.

    Peacekeeping has proven to be one of the most effective tools available to the UN to assist host countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. In this regard, the Secretary-General has launched Action for Peacekeeping (A4P) to renew mutual political commitment to peacekeeping operations and called on Member States to join in developing a set of mutually-agreed principles and commitments to create peacekeeping operations fit for the future.

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Kalpna Mehara
  • 1
Kalpna MeharaLearner
Asked: June 8, 2024In:
  • 1

For UN Peacekeeping to continue serving its intended purpose, adjustments are necessary. Talk about the difficulties the UN Peacekeeping is facing in this situation. Additionally, recommend changes to enhance how it operates. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Mansi Gautam
    Mansi Gautam Learner

    Answer: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the largest military alliance on the planet. It was established in 1949 as a bulwark against the Soviet armies after the Second World War. It guarantees the freedom and security of its members through political as well as military means. Born fromRead more

    Answer: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the largest military alliance on the planet. It was established in 1949 as a bulwark against the Soviet armies after the Second World War. It guarantees the freedom and security of its members through political as well as military means. Born from a desire for collective defence and containment of the USSR, its mandate post Cold War morphed to include nation-building, peace-keeping, military-civil relations and the never-ending fight against terrorism and organised crime, with varying degrees of success. Since then, NATO has been struggling to remain relevant and faces challenges in redefining its role:

    • Failures of NATO: The notion of collective security has receded in the background post USSR era. However, it needs to be re-invigorated. For instance, the 2014 bloodless assimilation of Crimea into Russia and recent invasion of Ukraine by Russia have sent shockwaves, especially amongst Russia’s neighbours.
    • Shift in focus of collective security from within Europe towards east: The old East-West partitions have become a thing of the past and new fault lines dividing the increasingly worried Baltic States and Poland from a resurgent Russia, have emerged.
    • NATO has always been a fractious alliance: The attempts to consider the national wants and needs of all its member states at times seem to be an impossible task. For instance, France left NATO in 1966, only to return, under certain conditions, decades later in 2009.
    • Differences within NATO: Turkey, a vital member of the Alliance, has recently involved itself in conflicts on its doorstep in Syria and as far away as Libya. In these civil wars, NATO members have at times found themselves on opposing sides.
    • Issue of economic burden sharing: Failure to share the costs of NATO operations more equitably pose risks of unravelling of the alliance as the issue of “burden sharing” has been revived.

    Throughout history, military alliances have formed to balance the countervailing power. They have collapsed when the need for a balance disappeared as a result of either power crumbling or changing threat perceptions. However, the collapse of Soviet imperial rule in the late 1980s did not lead to NATO’s demise rather it has evolved, Le.:

    • Maintain strategic balance: Post Cold War, NATO identified the need to “preserve the strategic balance in Europe” and adopted it as one of its fundamental security tasks. Under this, it would provide security to democratizing countries, solidifying their transitions from communism and opening new economic prosperity through greater connections with the European Union.
    • Reconceived as a “cooperative-security” organization: Under this, NATO has two main objectives, Le., to foster dialogue and cooperation with former adversaries in the Warsaw Pact and to “manage” conflicts in areas on the European periphery, such as the Balkans.
    • Pluralistic security community: NATO grew from being a military alliance principally dedicated to protecting its members into institutional expression of the transatlantic community of states and the western values that both defined and united them. Further, the NATO grew into a pluralistic security community where use of force for settling disputes among its members has been ruled out.
    • Redefined its missions: Politically, NATO has sought new missions to retain its relevance from peacekeeping to countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to counter-terrorism etc. While on the military side, it has streamlined and created a more flexible command structure capable of deploying military forces rapidly and over greater distances than was the case during the cold war.

    Thus, post Cold War, the NATO has not only survived but been transformed into a politico-military entity. NATO of today is a confluence of like-minded democratic ideals and of shared values. The world order has changed and it is in this climate that NATO now has to operate. Unlike the Cold War era, with one clearly defined adversary, today there is a need to fight a patchwork of local conflicts while maintaining an ever-growing alliance between countries.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the WTO as a key international institution. Mention its significance in global trade and decision-making. 2. Mandate of the WTO Explain the primary functions of the WTO: Regulating international trade. Providing a forum for trade negotiations. Settling trade disputes. Promoting economic ...

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) holds a crucial position as an international institution, impacting countries profoundly through the decisions it takes. Established in 1995, the WTO serves as a platform for member nations to negotiate and regulate global trade rules, resRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The World Trade Organization (WTO) holds a crucial position as an international institution, impacting countries profoundly through the decisions it takes. Established in 1995, the WTO serves as a platform for member nations to negotiate and regulate global trade rules, resolve trade disputes, and promote economic cooperation.

    Body

    Role and Implications of WTO Decisions
    Decisions made within the WTO framework have far-reaching implications for economies worldwide. The organization’s agreements cover various sectors, including goods, services, intellectual property rights, and trade-related aspects of investment. These agreements shape trade policies and regulations, impacting market access, tariffs, subsidies, and other trade-related measures.

    Benefits of WTO Participation
    WTO provides a forum to voice concerns and protect national interests, ensures fair and predictable trade practices, facilitates market access for goods and services, and fosters economic growth through global trade. The WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism serves as a critical tool for resolving conflicts between member nations, maintaining stability, and upholding the rule-based international trading system.

    Challenges Faced by the WTO
    The WTO faces numerous challenges, including trade imbalances, protectionism, and non-tariff barriers. Developing countries seek fairer trade rules and greater participation, while developed nations aim to protect their industries and address intellectual property rights.

    India’s Stand on Food Security Talks
    India’s stance on the latest round of talks on food security has been a subject of critical analysis. The country has consistently advocated for safeguarding its food security concerns, particularly regarding public stockholding and minimum support prices. Critics argue that India’s insistence on protecting these measures can hinder global trade liberalization efforts, distorting agricultural markets and creating trade barriers.

    India’s Perspective on Food Security
    India asserts that its policies are essential to address domestic poverty, rural development, and food self-sufficiency goals. The country emphasizes the importance of protecting the livelihoods of millions of small-scale farmers who depend on agriculture for their income and sustenance. From India’s perspective, any agreement on food security must consider the specific challenges faced by developing countries and provide flexibility to accommodate their needs.

    Conclusion

    The WTO is an essential international institution that plays a crucial role in regulating global trade. The decisions taken by the organization are binding on member countries, but the extent of their implementation depends on political will and specific circumstances. India’s stand on food security at the latest round of WTO talks highlights the challenges faced by developing countries in advocating for their interests and securing their food security.

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Rani Singh
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Rani SinghLearner
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Examine India’s stances on matters including data localization, cross-border data flows, and cybersecurity, as well as its involvement in international internet governance organizations like the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Aarush Kapoor
    Aarush Kapoor Begginer

    India has been an active participant in global internet governance mechanisms, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), and has taken positions on various issues related to data localization, cross-border data flows, and cyberseRead more

    India has been an active participant in global internet governance mechanisms, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), and has taken positions on various issues related to data localization, cross-border data flows, and cybersecurity.

    **ICANN:**

    1. **Observer status:** India has been an observer at ICANN since 2005, participating in discussions on internet governance issues.
    2. **Country-Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD):** India has its own ccTLD (.in) and is a member of the Asia Pacific Top Level Domain Association (APRAL).
    3. **ICANN’s Accountability Mechanism:** India has supported ICANN’s accountability mechanisms, such as the Independent Review Process (IRP) and the Affirmation of Commitments (AoC).

    **Internet Governance Forum (IGF):**

    1. **Participation:** India has actively participated in IGF since its inception in 2006, sending high-level delegations and submitting papers on various internet governance issues.
    2. **Multistakeholder model:** India supports the multistakeholder model of internet governance, emphasizing the involvement of all stakeholders, including governments, civil society, and the private sector.
    3. **Internet governance principles:** India has emphasized the importance of principles like universality, inclusivity, transparency, and accountability in internet governance.

    **Data Localization:**

    1. **Data protection laws:** India has enacted data protection laws like the Personal Data Protection Bill (2019) to regulate the collection and processing of personal data within its territory.
    2. **Cross-border data flows:** India is cautious about cross-border data flows, citing concerns about national security, privacy, and data sovereignty.
    3. **Data localization requirements:** Indian government agencies have imposed data localization requirements on companies operating in India, such as requiring them to store certain data within the country.

    **Cross-Border Data Flows:**

    1. **Balancing national interests:** India seeks to balance national interests with international commitments on free trade and investment.
    2. **Multilateral negotiations:** India participates in multilateral negotiations on cross-border data flows through organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).

    **Cybersecurity:**

    1. **National Cyber Security Policy:** India has a National Cyber Security Policy (2013) that outlines its approach to cybersecurity.
    2. **Cybersecurity cooperation:** India engages in cybersecurity cooperation with other countries through bilateral agreements and multilateral forums like the G20.
    3. **Cybersecurity regulations:** Indian government agencies have introduced regulations like the Information Technology (Security of Online Transactions) Rules (2018) to enhance cybersecurity.

    **Key challenges:**

    1. **Balancing competing interests:** India must balance competing interests between promoting digital economy growth and protecting national security and privacy concerns.
    2. **Lack of clarity:** The lack of clarity on data localization requirements and cross-border data flows can create uncertainty for businesses operating in India.
    3. **Capacity building:** India needs to build capacity in areas like cybersecurity and data governance to effectively regulate the digital landscape.

    In conclusion, India plays an important role in global internet governance mechanisms like ICANN and IGF, advocating for a multistakeholder approach to internet governance. While it takes positions on issues like data localization, cross-border data flows, and cybersecurity, it must navigate competing interests and build capacity to effectively regulate the digital landscape.

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Garima Gupta
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Garima GuptaBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Talk about India’s involvement in the climate change talks, the Paris Agreement, and the Conference of the Parties (COP) summits that followed. Analyze India’s stances on matters such as technology transfer, differentiated responsibilities, and climate funding, and consider the impact ...

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Suman Rajput
    Suman Rajput Begginer

    India has been an active participant in the climate change negotiations, playing a significant role in shaping the international response to climate change. Here's an overview of India's participation in the Paris Agreement and subsequent COP summits: **Paris Agreement:** 1. **Inclusion of developinRead more

    India has been an active participant in the climate change negotiations, playing a significant role in shaping the international response to climate change. Here’s an overview of India’s participation in the Paris Agreement and subsequent COP summits:

    **Paris Agreement:**

    1. **Inclusion of developing country concerns:** India ensured that the Paris Agreement recognized the differentiated responsibilities of developed and developing countries in addressing climate change.
    2. **Global temperature goal:** India supported the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
    3. **Climate finance:** India pushed for a financial commitment of $100 billion per year by 2020 from developed countries to support developing countries’ climate efforts.

    **COP summits:**

    1. **COP21 (2015):** India played a key role in negotiating the Paris Agreement, emphasizing the need for equity, justice, and sustainable development.
    2. **COP22 (2016):** India was a key player in shaping the Marrakech Action Proclamation, which emphasized the urgent need for action on climate change.
    3. **COP24 (2018):** India played a crucial role in negotiations on implementing the Paris Agreement, emphasizing the importance of transparency, accountability, and trust-building.
    4. **COP25 (2019):** India was a key player in discussions on climate finance, technology transfer, and climate resilience, highlighting the need for developed countries to fulfill their commitments.

    **India’s positions on key issues:**

    1. **Climate finance:** India has emphasized the need for developed countries to fulfill their commitment of $100 billion per year by 2020 and has called for a “finance minister” to oversee climate finance flows.
    2. **Technology transfer:** India has stressed the importance of technology transfer from developed to developing countries to support their transition to a low-carbon economy.
    3. **Differentiated responsibilities:** India has consistently advocated for differentiated responsibilities, recognizing that developed countries have a historical responsibility to reduce their emissions and provide financial support to developing countries.

    **Implications for global climate leadership:**

    1. **Global South solidarity:** India’s stance on climate change has helped build bridges with other developing countries, fostering solidarity and cooperation on global climate issues.
    2. **Enhanced global cooperation:** India’s engagement in climate negotiations has encouraged other developing countries to take a more active role in shaping global climate policy.
    3. **Increased ambition:** India’s leadership on climate change has encouraged increased ambition among other countries, including developed nations, to reduce their emissions and take concrete actions on climate change.

    However, India’s climate leadership is also subject to some limitations:

    1. **Domestic challenges:** India still faces significant domestic challenges in reducing its greenhouse gas emissions, including dependence on fossil fuels and inadequate infrastructure.
    2. **Limited international cooperation:** While India has made progress on international cooperation, there are still significant challenges in coordinating with other countries on issues like climate finance and technology transfer.
    3. **Rising expectations:** As a rapidly growing economy, India is under increasing pressure to deliver on its climate commitments and face scrutiny from international partners.

    In conclusion, India’s participation in the Paris Agreement and subsequent COP summits has been marked by its emphasis on equity, justice, and sustainable development. Its positions on climate finance, technology transfer, and differentiated responsibilities have been critical in shaping global climate policy. While there are challenges ahead, India’s growing international influence and domestic actions will be crucial in driving progress on climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts globally.

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Rani Singh
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Rani SinghLearner
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Talk about India’s attempts to fortify the international nuclear safeguards system and its involvement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), especially in light of its agreements with other nations for civil nuclear cooperation.

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Aarush Kapoor
    Aarush Kapoor Begginer

    India's engagement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a key aspect of its global nuclear relations. India has been an active member of the IAEA since 1957 and has been working closely with the agency to strengthen the global nuclear safeguards system. **IAEA membership and cooperaRead more

    India’s engagement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a key aspect of its global nuclear relations. India has been an active member of the IAEA since 1957 and has been working closely with the agency to strengthen the global nuclear safeguards system.

    **IAEA membership and cooperation:**

    1. **Observer status:** India has observer status in the IAEA, which allows it to participate in IAEA meetings and activities, but does not carry voting rights.
    2. **Safeguards agreements:** India has concluded safeguards agreements with the IAEA for its civilian nuclear facilities, ensuring that these facilities are subject to international monitoring and verification.
    3. **Nuclear cooperation:** India has signed nuclear cooperation agreements with several countries, including the United States, France, Russia, and Canada, to collaborate on nuclear energy projects and research.

    **Efforts to strengthen the global nuclear safeguards system:**

    1. **Nuclear security:** India has been actively engaged in promoting nuclear security and non-proliferation efforts through its membership in various international organizations, including the IAEA.
    2. **Safeguards implementation:** India has implemented a robust safeguards system for its civilian nuclear facilities, which is subject to international verification by the IAEA.
    3. **Technical assistance:** India has provided technical assistance to other countries in developing their nuclear infrastructure and implementing safeguards systems.

    **Civil nuclear cooperation agreements:**

    1. **USA:** The US-India Civil Nuclear Agreement (2008) allows for cooperation on civil nuclear energy projects and facilitates access to US nuclear technology and expertise.
    2. **France:** The Indo-French Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2008) enables cooperation on civil nuclear energy projects, including the construction of new reactors.
    3. **Russia:** The India-Russia Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2008) enables cooperation on civil nuclear energy projects, including the construction of new reactors.
    4. **Canada:** The Canada-India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2010) enables cooperation on civil nuclear energy projects, including the development of small modular reactors.

    **Key benefits:**

    1. **Access to technology:** India’s civil nuclear cooperation agreements have given it access to advanced nuclear technology and expertise from other countries.
    2. **Increased energy security:** Civil nuclear power generation has increased India’s energy security and reduced its dependence on fossil fuels.
    3. **Economic growth:** Civil nuclear power generation has contributed to India’s economic growth by providing a clean source of electricity.
    4. **Global leadership:** India’s engagement with the IAEA and its efforts to strengthen the global nuclear safeguards system demonstrate its commitment to international cooperation on non-proliferation and disarmament.

    **Challenges:**

    1. **Nuclear liability laws:** The Indian government’s strict liability laws for nuclear accidents have raised concerns among foreign companies investing in Indian nuclear projects.
    2. **Safeguards implementation:** Ensuring the effective implementation of safeguards at Indian civilian nuclear facilities remains a challenge.
    3. **Non-proliferation concerns:** Some countries have expressed concerns about India’s civilian nuclear program and its potential implications for regional stability.

    In conclusion, India’s engagement with the IAEA and its efforts to strengthen the global nuclear safeguards system are critical components of its civil nuclear cooperation with other countries. While there are challenges associated with implementing safeguards and addressing non-proliferation concerns, India’s civil nuclear program has contributed significantly to its energy security and economic growth.

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Rani Singh
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Rani SinghLearner
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Analyze India’s involvement with the World Health Organization (WHO), particularly in the midst of the COVID-19 epidemic, and its contributions to the governance of world health, including the manufacturing and dispensing of medications and vaccinations

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Karan Deshmukh
    Karan Deshmukh Begginer

    India plays a significant role in the World Health Organization (WHO), especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and contributes substantially to global health governance, particularly in the production and distribution of vaccines and medicines. Here’s an examination of India’s role: 1.Read more

    India plays a significant role in the World Health Organization (WHO), especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and contributes substantially to global health governance, particularly in the production and distribution of vaccines and medicines. Here’s an examination of India’s role:

    1. Role in the World Health Organization (WHO):
    Participation and Leadership:
    Member State: India is a founding member of the WHO and actively participates in its governance structures, including the World Health Assembly (WHA) and various technical committees.
    Regional Representation: India holds leadership positions in WHO’s South-East Asia Region, influencing regional health policies and initiatives.
    Contributions to Global Health Policies:
    Policy Advocacy: India advocates for equitable access to healthcare and affordable medicines on the global stage, influencing WHO policies on generic medicines and public health.
    Technical Expertise: Indian experts contribute to WHO’s technical guidelines, research initiatives, and capacity-building programs, particularly in areas like infectious diseases and maternal health.
    2. Role During the COVID-19 Pandemic:
    Vaccine Production and Distribution:
    Vaccine Manufacturing Hub: India is known as the pharmacy of the world due to its capacity in pharmaceuticals and vaccine production.
    COVAX Initiative: India has been a key contributor to the COVAX facility, which aims to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines globally, particularly through the production of AstraZeneca’s vaccine (Covishield).
    Global Assistance:
    Vaccine Diplomacy: India has engaged in vaccine diplomacy, supplying vaccines to neighboring countries and other developing nations to support their vaccination campaigns.
    Medical Supplies: India provided medical supplies and expertise to countries facing severe COVID-19 outbreaks, showcasing solidarity and global health leadership.
    3. Contributions to Global Health Governance:
    Pharmaceutical Industry:
    Generic Medicines: India’s pharmaceutical industry produces high-quality generic medicines at affordable prices, contributing significantly to global healthcare access, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
    Patent Issues: India advocates for flexibilities in intellectual property rights, allowing for the production of affordable generic versions of essential medicines.
    Research and Development:
    Clinical Trials: India hosts clinical trials for global health interventions, contributing data and expertise to global research efforts.
    Public Health Initiatives: India collaborates with WHO and other international organizations on public health programs, such as disease surveillance and prevention strategies.
    Conclusion:
    India’s role in the WHO and global health governance has been pivotal, particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through its vaccine production capabilities, advocacy for equitable healthcare access, and contributions to global health policies, India has demonstrated leadership and solidarity in addressing global health challenges. Moving forward, India’s engagement in WHO and continued contributions to vaccine distribution, healthcare innovation, and public health initiatives will be crucial for strengthening global health security and achieving health equity worldwide.

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Devika C
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Devika CBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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How can candidates maintain motivation and mental well-being throughout the long and often strenuous UPSC preparation journey?

upsc: bilateral relationsupsc: elections & representation of people’s actupsc: features of indian constitutionupsc: important international institutionsupsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Varun Nautiyal
    Varun Nautiyal Begginer

    The UPSC marathon requires mental fortitude alongside intellectual muscle. Here's how aspirants can stay motivated and well: Fuel the Mind and Body: Prioritize quality sleep (7-8 hours) for focus and memory. Eat a balanced diet to keep energy levels high. Schedule regular exercise to combat stress aRead more

    The UPSC marathon requires mental fortitude alongside intellectual muscle. Here’s how aspirants can stay motivated and well:

    1. Fuel the Mind and Body: Prioritize quality sleep (7-8 hours) for focus and memory. Eat a balanced diet to keep energy levels high. Schedule regular exercise to combat stress and improve concentration.
    2. Structure and Breaks: Create a realistic study plan with achievable goals. Break down the syllabus into manageable chunks to avoid feeling overwhelmed. Take short breaks every 45-60 minutes to prevent mental fatigue. Step away from books and unwind with activities you enjoy.
    3. Positive Reinforcement: Celebrate small wins and milestones. Reward yourself for completing tasks to maintain motivation. Track progress in a journal to visualize your journey.
    4. Mindfulness and Support: Practice meditation or deep breathing exercises to manage stress and anxiety. Connect with fellow aspirants for support and share experiences. Talk to friends and family who believe in you. Don’t hesitate to seek professional help if needed.
    5. Focus on the Why: Remind yourself of your purpose for pursuing the UPSC dream. Visualize the impact you can make as a civil servant. Keep the bigger picture in mind during challenging moments.
    Remember, the UPSC journey is a marathon, not a sprint. By prioritizing well-being alongside studies, aspirants can stay motivated and focused on achieving their dream.
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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 13, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Objective: Introduce the importance of the sea in the cosmos and the role of the IMO. Key Points: The sea covers 70% of the Earth’s surface and is vital for biodiversity, climate regulation, and global trade. The IMO is ...

upsc: important international institutions
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The sea, covering approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface, is a vital component of the cosmos, playing a critical role in global biodiversity, climate regulation, and trade. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized United Nations agency, is the global aRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The sea, covering approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface, is a vital component of the cosmos, playing a critical role in global biodiversity, climate regulation, and trade. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), a specialized United Nations agency, is the global authority responsible for setting standards to ensure maritime safety, security, and environmental protection. By creating and enforcing a regulatory framework, the IMO addresses challenges such as marine pollution, maritime safety, and security, ensuring the sustainable use of the oceans.

    Role of IMO in Protecting the Environment

    1. MARPOL Convention: The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is a cornerstone of the IMO’s environmental efforts. It addresses pollution from oil, chemicals, sewage, garbage, and air emissions, significantly reducing the environmental impact of shipping activities (IMO, 2023).
    2. Ballast Water Management: The Ballast Water Management Convention, adopted by the IMO, aims to prevent the spread of invasive aquatic species through ballast water discharge, protecting marine ecosystems from ecological disruptions (IMO, 2023).
    3. Antifouling Systems: The IMO’s International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems prohibits the use of harmful anti-fouling paints, which release toxins that damage marine life (IMO, 2023).
    4. Ship Recycling: The Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships sets standards for ship recycling, minimizing environmental and health risks associated with dismantling ships (IMO, 2023).
    5. Oil Pollution Preparedness: The Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response, and Co-operation (OPRC) Convention establishes a global framework for responding to oil spills, mitigating their environmental and economic impacts (IMO, 2023).

    Role of IMO in Enhancing Maritime Safety and Security

    1. SOLAS Convention: The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) sets minimum safety standards for ship construction, equipment, and operation, ensuring the safety of lives and property at sea (IMO, 2023).
    2. Piracy and Armed Robbery: The IMO collaborates with governments and international organizations to combat piracy and armed robbery through resolutions and regional agreements, enhancing maritime security (IMO, 2023).
    3. ISPS Code: The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code provides a framework for detecting and preventing security threats to ships and port facilities (IMO, 2023).
    4. Seafarer’s Rights: The Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) ensures decent working conditions for seafarers, promoting their well-being and safety (IMO, 2023).
    5. Marine Casualty Investigations: The IMO encourages transparent investigations into marine accidents to identify causes and prevent future incidents, improving overall maritime safety (IMO, 2023).
    6. Legal Framework: The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC) ensures compensation for damages caused by oil spills, holding polluters accountable (IMO, 2023).
    7. Safety Management: The International Safety Management (ISM) Code establishes standards for the safe operation of ships and pollution prevention, enhancing operational safety (IMO, 2023).

    Conclusion

    The sea, as a critical component of the cosmos, sustains life and facilitates global trade. The IMO plays a pivotal role in protecting marine environments and enhancing maritime safety and security through comprehensive regulations and international cooperation. By addressing challenges such as pollution, piracy, and safety, the IMO ensures the sustainable and secure use of the oceans, harmonizing humanity’s relationship with the cosmos.

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