Model Answer

Introduction

Dams play a crucial role in managing water resources and generating hydroelectric power in India. However, the safety of these structures is increasingly concerning, especially given the ageing infrastructure and extreme weather events. Dam failures can lead to catastrophic consequences, particularly downstream, resulting in devastating loss of life and property.

Causes of Dam Failures

1. Natural Causes

• Seismic Activity: Earthquakes can severely damage dam structures, as seen during the Bhuj earthquake in 2001, where many dams suffered significant damage.
• Unprecedented Rainfall: The Kerala floods in 2018 demonstrated how torrential rains can overwhelm dam systems, leading to emergency releases and widespread flooding.

2. Structural Flaws

• Engineering deficiencies can contribute to failures. The Banqiao dam failure in China in 1975 occurred due to the inability of the dam to withstand heavy rainfall, illustrating the need for stringent quality control in dam construction (Source: International Commission on Large Dams).

3. Human Error

• Misjudgments in site geology can lead to disasters. The Vajont Dam disaster in Italy in 1963 was exacerbated by human errors, highlighting the importance of training for dam operators.

4. Lack of Maintenance

• Regular maintenance is critical. Reports by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India have pointed out lapses in the upkeep of various dams, necessitating regular inspections to prevent failures.

5. Age of the Dam

• Many dams, like the Mullaperiyar Dam, are over a century old, raising concerns about their structural integrity and the need for continuous assessment.

Examples of Large Dam Failures

1. Machchhu-2 Dam Failure (1979)

On August 11, 1979, the Machchhu-2 dam in Gujarat failed due to excessive rainfall, resulting in catastrophic flooding that claimed between 1,800 to 25,000 lives.

2. Uttarakhand Glacier Burst (2021)

On February 7, 2021, a glacier burst in Uttarakhand triggered floods that damaged two dams, leading to significant loss of life and property, with over 170 people feared dead.

Conclusion

Dam failures pose serious risks to life and property, particularly in regions with aging infrastructure and extreme weather conditions. Understanding the causes—ranging from natural disasters to human error—is essential for improving dam safety and preventing future catastrophes.

Model Answer

Causes of Urban Flooding

Urban flooding in India is primarily driven by several interrelated factors:

1. Increased Frequency of Extreme Rainfall: Climate change has led to more intense rainfall events, overwhelming existing drainage systems. For instance, Chennai faced severe flooding in November 2021 due to heavy downpours.
2. Inadequate Urban Planning: Many cities, like Hyderabad, suffer from poorly designed drainage systems, leading to recurrent flooding, especially during the 2020 monsoon.
3. Encroachment on Natural Water Bodies: Urban expansion often fills wetlands and rivers, increasing flood risks. For example, in Kolkata, construction on wetlands has worsened flooding during monsoons.
4. Impervious Surfaces: The prevalence of concrete and asphalt roads prevents natural water absorption, increasing runoff.
5. Outdated Infrastructure: Many urban areas rely on aging drainage systems that cannot cope with modern rainfall patterns.

Major Flood Events

Mumbai Floods 2005

In July 2005, Mumbai experienced 944 mm of rainfall in just 24 hours, leading to widespread flooding, loss of life, and significant infrastructure disruption. This event highlighted the city’s inadequate drainage capacity.

Kerala Floods 2018

August 2018 saw catastrophic flooding in Kerala, attributed to extreme rainfall classified as a large excess by the IMD. This event displaced over a million people and caused extensive damage.

Policies and Frameworks

India has implemented several policies to tackle urban flooding:

1. National Water Mission: This initiative promotes integrated water resource management and aims to enhance conservation efforts.
2. Disaster Management Act, 2005: This act provides a framework for disaster preparedness and response, enabling states to develop their disaster management plans.
3. JnNURM: The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission focuses on improving urban infrastructure, including flood management systems.
4. National Disaster Management Plan, 2016: This plan outlines strategies for disaster risk reduction and preparedness.
5. Central Water Commission Guidelines: These guidelines encourage best practices for urban flood management across states, advocating for effective drainage systems.

By addressing the root causes through comprehensive policies and sustainable urban development, India can better mitigate the impacts of urban flooding.

Model Answer

Introduction

Traditionally, disaster management in India has followed a reactive approach, focusing on response and relief after disasters occur. However, the Government of India has recently implemented several measures aimed at shifting towards a more proactive framework, enhancing preparedness and resilience.

Recent Initiatives in Disaster Management

National Disaster Management Plan

The Government has developed a comprehensive National Disaster Management Plan, which delineates the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders involved in disaster management. This plan emphasizes proactive strategies to build resilience and mitigate disaster risks.

Enhancing Emergency Preparedness

The 2nd BIMSTEC Disaster Management Exercise, focused on flood rescue operations, was held at Ramachandi Beach in Puri. This field training exercise aims to strengthen regional response mechanisms, fostering effective disaster management within the BIMSTEC region.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)

The NDRF, a specialized force established by the Government, has seen significant expansion and strengthening in recent years. Equipped with specialized training and equipment, the NDRF enhances India’s capacity to respond effectively to disasters.

Indian Coast Guard Interventions

The Indian Coast Guard has played a pivotal role in averting fatalities and minimizing damage during cyclones like Amphan and Nisarga. Utilizing advanced systems like the NAVTEX warning system and Maritime Rescue Coordination Centers, they ensure preparedness well in advance of disasters.

Disaster Risk Reduction

The Government emphasizes disaster risk reduction, focusing on resilience-building through land-use planning, early warning systems, and public awareness campaigns. This shift aims to reduce vulnerability and enhance community preparedness.

Technology-Enabled Disaster Management

Leveraging technology, initiatives like the National Disaster Management Information System (NDMIS) and the use of satellite imagery have been introduced to improve disaster response capabilities, facilitating timely interventions.

Conclusion

The recent measures initiated by the Government of India reflect a significant departure from a reactive disaster management approach. By emphasizing preparedness, risk reduction, and community involvement, these initiatives aim to enhance resilience and mitigate the impacts of disasters, underscoring the need for continued strengthening in this vital area.