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Home/upsc: disaster management/Page 4

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Rubi Gautam
  • 2
Rubi GautamBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 2

Enumerate the causes of the latest locust attacks that have occurred in and around India, as well as the dangers that they bring. List the actions India has made to address this issue as well.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Raudas Singh
    Raudas Singh Begginer

    India recently witnessed invasion of vast swathes of land by swarms of desert locusts, which entered India from the western side via Pakistan's Sindh province. The desert locusts usually breed in areas in the countries along the eastern coast of Africa in a region known as the Horn of Africa. The reRead more

    India recently witnessed invasion of vast swathes of land by swarms of desert locusts, which entered India from the western side via Pakistan’s Sindh province. The desert locusts usually breed in areas in the countries along the eastern coast of Africa in a region known as the Horn of Africa.

    The reasons for these locust attacks are

    • Indian Ocean Dipole: Positive Indian Ocean dipole made the western Indian Ocean particularly warm and consequently led to greater precipitation.
      • Heavy rain (wettest rainfall season in over four decades in East Africa) triggered the growth of vegetation in arid areas where desert locusts could grow and breed.
    • Cyclones: The cyclonic storms Mekunu and Luban that struck Oman and Yemen in 2018 respectively transformed the empty desert tracts into large lakes providing damp soils where the locust swarms bred.
    • Wind Movement: Locusts generally are known to be passive flyers, who generally follow the wind. The low-pressure area created by Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal strengthened the westerly winds, which aided the movement of the locusts into South Asia.

    Threat posed by the locust attacks

    • Crop damage: One square km swarm can eat as much food as 35000 people in a day. The recent desert locust attack has wiped out crops spread over 5,00,000 hectares in Rajasthan. It poses a serious threat to India’s food security in the recent future. They also destroy forest and urban vegetation areas if they are unable to find crops to feed.
    • Allergies: Locust swarms often create allergens that aggravate allergies.
    • Air travel: Generally, locusts are found at lower levels and therefore pose a threat to aircrafts especially in the critical landing and take-off phase of the flight.
    • Pollution and Human Health: Use of pesticides such as Malathion 96 and Chlorpyrifos to thwart the probem of locust contributes to soil and water pollution.

    Both are extremely toxic and a high level of exposure to the pesticides may cause nausea, dizziness and even death. In India, Locust Warning Organisation (LWO), under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, is responsible for monitoring, survey and control of Desert Locust in Scheduled Desert Areas mainly in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat. The steps taken by India to tackle the threat of locust attack include:

    • Several Locust Circle Offices and temporary camps have been established to control and monitor the attack in coordination with District Administration and agriculture field machinery of affected states.
    • Drones are used to spray pesticides on tall trees and inaccessible places for effective control of locusts.
    • The Centre has compensated some of the farmers who suffered losses from the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Fund.
    • Hindustan Insecticides Limited is now in the process of production and supply of 25MT Malathion for supply to locust control programme to Iran under Government to Government arrangement.

    As the recent locust attack has shown that India’s food security remains vulnerable to such events, India needs to deeply engage with other regional countries like Pakistan and Iran to effectively tackle such future locust attacks by taking mitigating steps in the breeding grounds of these locusts itself.

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Ayon Iyengar
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Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 7, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Disaster Mitigation and Management 1. Introduction Begin by briefly defining both natural hazards and natural disasters to set up a clear distinction. Emphasize that while these terms are often used interchangeably, they represent different levels of impact. 2. Differentiating Natural Hazards ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Difference Between Natural Disasters and Natural Hazards Natural hazards and natural disasters, while related, differ significantly: Natural Hazards: These are environmental elements with the potential to cause harm to people or property. Hazards include aspects of the natural environmeRead more

    Model Answer

    Difference Between Natural Disasters and Natural Hazards

    Natural hazards and natural disasters, while related, differ significantly:

    • Natural Hazards: These are environmental elements with the potential to cause harm to people or property. Hazards include aspects of the natural environment, such as ocean currents, steep mountain slopes, or extreme climates, that may pose risks but do not necessarily lead to widespread damage on their own (Source: National Disaster Management Authority).
    • Natural Disasters: A hazard becomes a disaster when it causes extensive damage, significant loss of life, and widespread social disruption, beyond the control of those affected. Disasters are marked by high destruction levels and often require large-scale response and recovery efforts (Source: NDMA Guidelines).

    Stages in Disaster Mitigation and Management

    Effective disaster management involves three key stages, each addressing different aspects of disaster preparedness, response, and recovery:

    1. Pre-Disaster Management
      • Prevention: Involves identifying potential hazards and taking steps to minimize disaster impacts. This includes enforcing building codes, planning land use, and setting up early warning systems to reduce risk.
      • Preparedness: This stage focuses on readiness through planning and procedures for disaster response. Actions include developing evacuation plans, stockpiling emergency supplies, and training emergency personnel to ensure a swift response (Source: NDMA).
    2. Response During the Disaster
      • During an event, immediate response measures are critical. These involve rescue and relief efforts such as evacuations, setting up shelters and relief camps, and distributing essentials like food, water, and medical aid to those affected. Coordinated efforts by government agencies, emergency responders, and community volunteers are essential in this stage (Source: Ministry of Home Affairs).
    3. Post-Disaster Operations
      • Recovery: After a disaster, recovery focuses on helping communities rebuild and restore essential services. This includes financial support, infrastructure repair, and providing psychological counseling.
      • Mitigation: To reduce the risk of future disasters, mitigation efforts are taken, such as upgrading infrastructure, reinforcing building codes, and improving land-use planning to enhance resilience (Source: Ministry of Urban Development).

    In India, the National Disaster Management Authority, led by the Prime Minister, plays a central role in coordinating these efforts, promoting a comprehensive approach to disaster management. This structure helps ensure a resilient response to natural hazards and better preparedness for future events.

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Eshan Nair
  • 0
Eshan NairBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Talk about how disaster management plans in India need to take traditional knowledge and indigenous traditions into account.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Pranay Nair
    Pranay Nair Begginer

    Discussing the Necessity of Incorporating Traditional Knowledge and Indigenous Practices into Disaster Management Strategies in India 1. Introduction Incorporating traditional knowledge and indigenous practices into disaster management strategies is essential for creating comprehensive and culturallRead more

    Discussing the Necessity of Incorporating Traditional Knowledge and Indigenous Practices into Disaster Management Strategies in India

    1. Introduction

    Incorporating traditional knowledge and indigenous practices into disaster management strategies is essential for creating comprehensive and culturally sensitive approaches. In India, which is diverse in terms of geography and cultures, traditional knowledge offers valuable insights into managing disasters effectively. This discussion explores the necessity of integrating these practices into modern disaster management strategies, highlighting recent examples to illustrate their relevance.

    2. Importance of Traditional Knowledge and Indigenous Practices

    A. Enhancing Local Relevance and Effectiveness

    1. Context-Specific Insights: Traditional knowledge often provides context-specific insights that can enhance disaster management strategies. Indigenous practices, developed over generations, are tailored to local environmental conditions and risks. For example, the use of bamboo construction techniques in flood-prone areas of Assam demonstrates how traditional practices are adapted to mitigate flood impacts.

    2. Community Resilience: Indigenous practices promote community resilience by fostering a sense of ownership and collective responsibility. In the Madhya Pradesh region, the Gond and Baiga tribes have traditional systems for managing water resources and coping with droughts, which are integral to local resilience and sustainability.

    B. Preserving Cultural Heritage and Practices

    1. Cultural Sensitivity: Incorporating traditional knowledge into disaster management respects and preserves cultural heritage. It ensures that disaster management strategies are culturally sensitive and acceptable to local communities. For example, the tribal knowledge of the Naga people in Nagaland includes traditional forecasting methods and community-based responses to natural hazards, which are respected and integrated into modern disaster planning.

    2. Holistic Approaches: Traditional practices often involve a holistic approach to disaster management that integrates environmental, social, and spiritual aspects. The Rural Development Foundation’s initiatives in Tamil Nadu incorporate local rituals and practices into disaster preparedness programs, recognizing their role in community cohesion and resilience.

    3. Recent Examples of Integrating Traditional Knowledge

    A. The 2004 Tsunami Response in Tamil Nadu

    1. Context and Response: Following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, there was a notable use of traditional knowledge in the response and recovery phases. Coastal communities in Tamil Nadu, who had historical knowledge of tsunamis and sea-level changes, utilized traditional warning signs and evacuation routes to enhance their response.

    2. Integration into Modern Strategies: Efforts were made to integrate this traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches. For example, the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has since worked on combining traditional practices with advanced forecasting models to improve community-based tsunami warning systems.

    B. The Flood Management Practices in Assam

    1. Context and Practices: In Assam, traditional flood management practices, such as the construction of bamboo stilts for houses and the creation of flood-resistant agricultural techniques, have been used for centuries. These practices are based on indigenous knowledge of local flood patterns and river behavior.

    2. Modern Integration: Recent disaster management strategies in Assam have incorporated these traditional practices alongside modern techniques. The Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA) collaborates with local communities to integrate traditional flood management methods into broader flood risk reduction strategies.

    C. The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Drought Management in Rajasthan

    1. Context and Practices: In Rajasthan, indigenous practices such as rainwater harvesting techniques (e.g., Johads) and the use of traditional water storage systems have been crucial in managing droughts. These practices reflect deep knowledge of local water scarcity and soil conditions.

    2. Policy Integration: The Rajasthan Government has recognized these practices and incorporated them into its drought management policies. The Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) includes traditional water conservation practices as part of its approach to managing water resources in arid regions.

    4. Recommendations for Incorporating Traditional Knowledge

    A. Documenting and Validating Traditional Knowledge

    1. Systematic Documentation: Efforts should be made to systematically document traditional knowledge related to disaster management. This can involve collaborating with local communities and experts to compile and validate traditional practices.

    2. Research and Validation: Research should be conducted to validate the efficacy of traditional practices and integrate them into scientific disaster management frameworks. This can include field studies and pilot projects to test traditional practices in modern contexts.

    B. Strengthening Community Participation and Partnerships

    1. Inclusive Planning: Disaster management planning should include active participation from indigenous communities. Engaging local knowledge holders in planning processes ensures that strategies are relevant and acceptable to those most affected.

    2. Building Partnerships: Strengthening partnerships between government agencies, NGOs, and local communities can facilitate the integration of traditional knowledge into disaster management strategies. Collaborative efforts can enhance the effectiveness of disaster response and recovery.

    C. Education and Training

    1. Training Programs: Developing training programs that educate disaster management professionals about traditional knowledge and practices can enhance their understanding and integration into strategies.

    2. Awareness Campaigns: Conducting awareness campaigns to inform communities about the value of traditional knowledge and its role in modern disaster management can foster acceptance and support.

    5. Conclusion

    Incorporating traditional knowledge and indigenous practices into disaster management strategies in India is essential for creating effective, culturally sensitive, and locally relevant approaches. Traditional practices provide valuable insights into local risks and resilience mechanisms, enhancing the overall effectiveness of disaster management. Recent examples such as the use of traditional practices in Assam and Rajasthan illustrate the benefits of integrating these approaches. By documenting, validating, and incorporating traditional knowledge, and fostering community participation, India can enhance its disaster management strategies and build more resilient communities.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (50-75 words) Define drought and its recognition as a disaster. Briefly introduce the NDMA guidelines and the significance of El Niño and La Niña. 2. Understanding Drought and Climate Phenomena (75-100 words) Explain drought characteristics. Define El Niño and La ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Drought has increasingly been recognized as a disaster due to its wide spatial reach, prolonged duration, gradual onset, and lasting impacts on vulnerable populations. This essay examines the September 2010 guidelines issued by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Drought has increasingly been recognized as a disaster due to its wide spatial reach, prolonged duration, gradual onset, and lasting impacts on vulnerable populations. This essay examines the September 2010 guidelines issued by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to enhance preparedness for the potential consequences of El Niño and La Niña events in India.

    Understanding El Niño and La Niña

    El Niño and La Niña are climatic phenomena characterized by the irregular warming (El Niño) or cooling (La Niña) of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. These events markedly influence global weather patterns, including rainfall distribution and temperature variations (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA). In India, which relies heavily on monsoon rainfall for agriculture and economic stability, the implications of these phenomena can be profound, affecting food security and water resources.

    September 2010 NDMA Guidelines

    Early Warning Systems

    The NDMA emphasizes the establishment of robust early warning systems for timely detection and monitoring of El Niño and La Niña events. This includes enhanced meteorological forecasting, satellite monitoring, and inter-agency data sharing (NDMA, 2010).

    Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping

    Conducting thorough risk assessments and vulnerability mapping allows for the identification of regions most susceptible to El Niño and La Niña impacts. This targeted approach enables better resource allocation and preparedness measures (NDMA, 2010).

    Institutional Coordination

    Effective coordination among government departments, disaster management agencies, and local authorities is critical for the smooth flow of information and resource mobilization. This ensures that response plans are implemented efficiently (NDMA, 2010).

    Public Awareness and Community Participation

    Raising public awareness about the implications of El Niño and La Niña fosters community participation in preparedness activities. Disseminating information through various channels and engaging local communities in decision-making processes are vital (NDMA, 2010).

    Contingency Planning and Capacity Building

    The development of contingency plans at various governance levels outlines specific actions during El Niño or La Niña events. Capacity-building initiatives enhance the skills of stakeholders involved in disaster management (NDMA, 2010).

    Conclusion

    The NDMA’s September 2010 guidelines are instrumental in strengthening India’s preparedness for the effects of El Niño and La Niña. By focusing on proactive measures such as early warning systems, contingency planning, and stakeholder engagement, these guidelines aim to mitigate the adverse impacts of droughts linked to these climate phenomena.

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Manav Srivastava
  • 0
Manav SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Analyze critically how central, state, and local governments in India coordinate to carry out relief and response efforts in the wake of disasters.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Riya Shah
    Riya Shah Begginer

    Coordination Between Central, State, and Local Authorities in Disaster Response and Relief Operations in India Introduction Effective disaster response and relief operations in India require robust coordination among central, state, and local authorities. India, being prone to various natural and maRead more

    Coordination Between Central, State, and Local Authorities in Disaster Response and Relief Operations in India

    Introduction

    Effective disaster response and relief operations in India require robust coordination among central, state, and local authorities. India, being prone to various natural and man-made disasters, necessitates a well-structured and cohesive approach to disaster management. This examination highlights the current coordination mechanisms, evaluates their efficacy, and identifies areas for improvement through recent examples.

    Coordination Mechanisms

    1. Central Authority: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):

    The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), chaired by the Prime Minister, is responsible for formulating national policies and strategies for disaster management. It plays a pivotal role in coordinating disaster response efforts across states and providing financial and technical support. The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) outlines the framework for disaster management, emphasizing a coordinated approach involving all levels of government.

    2. State Authorities: State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs):

    Each state has its own State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), responsible for implementing the national policies at the state level and coordinating with local authorities. SDMAs are crucial in adapting national guidelines to local contexts and managing state-specific resources and response efforts. They work in close collaboration with district authorities to ensure efficient disaster management.

    3. Local Authorities: District and Municipal Authorities:

    District and municipal authorities are on the front lines of disaster response. They are responsible for immediate relief operations, local evacuation plans, and coordination with higher levels of government. Their role is vital in ensuring that relief measures reach affected communities promptly and effectively.

    Recent Examples and Evaluation

    1. Cyclone Amphan (2020):

    Cyclone Amphan was a severe tropical cyclone that impacted West Bengal and parts of Odisha. The central government, through the NDMA, provided technical guidance and financial assistance for disaster response. The West Bengal State Disaster Management Authority coordinated evacuation and relief operations, while local authorities managed on-ground efforts such as shelter arrangements and distribution of aid. However, challenges were observed in the coordination between state and local authorities, particularly in communication and logistics, which led to delays in some relief operations.

    2. Uttarakhand Floods (2021):

    The Uttarakhand floods in 2021 highlighted the role of state and local authorities in disaster management. The Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority coordinated relief efforts, while local authorities facilitated immediate response actions, including rescue operations and setting up temporary shelters. The central government provided additional support and funds for rebuilding infrastructure. While coordination between state and local authorities was relatively smooth, the disaster underscored the need for better integration of central support with state and local efforts, particularly in terms of pre-disaster preparedness and risk reduction.

    Challenges in Coordination

    1. Communication Gaps:

    One major challenge is the communication gap between central, state, and local authorities. Disparate information flow can lead to inefficiencies in response efforts. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, varied communication strategies and lack of synchronized information between different levels of government created confusion and impacted the effectiveness of response measures.

    2. Resource Allocation and Logistics:

    Resource allocation and logistics often face bottlenecks due to the complex hierarchy of coordination. Discrepancies in resource distribution and delays in logistics can hinder timely relief operations. The Kerala Floods (2018) illustrated how logistical challenges and resource mismanagement affected the speed and efficiency of disaster relief efforts.

    Recommendations for Improved Coordination

    1. Integrated Communication Systems:

    Developing an integrated communication system that ensures real-time information sharing among central, state, and local authorities can enhance coordination. Implementing a unified platform for disaster management can help streamline communication and decision-making processes.

    2. Strengthening Local Capacity:

    Investing in capacity building at the local level is crucial for improving disaster response. Training local authorities and providing them with necessary resources and equipment can ensure more effective and timely relief efforts. Strengthening local disaster response teams and infrastructure will help in managing disasters more efficiently.

    3. Streamlining Resource Management:

    Implementing a coordinated resource management system that allows for efficient allocation and distribution of resources can address logistical challenges. Developing clear protocols for resource mobilization and ensuring adequate stockpiles at local levels can improve disaster response efficiency.

    Conclusion

    The coordination between central, state, and local authorities is essential for effective disaster response and relief operations in India. While the existing mechanisms, such as the NDMA and SDMAs, play a crucial role, challenges in communication, resource management, and logistical support persist. Addressing these issues through integrated communication systems, strengthening local capacities, and streamlining resource management can enhance the overall effectiveness of disaster response efforts and ensure better outcomes for affected communities.

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Ayon Iyengar
  • 0
Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 7, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and its purpose under the Disaster Management Act of 2005. State the importance of NDRF in disaster management in India. 2. Key Challenges Faced by NDRF Inadequate Capital Expenditure Explain how declining ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) plays a crucial role in disaster management in India, having saved over 148,000 lives and evacuated more than 700,000 individuals since its inception. However, it faces several key challenges in executing its responsibilities effectively. KeyRead more

    Model Answer

    The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) plays a crucial role in disaster management in India, having saved over 148,000 lives and evacuated more than 700,000 individuals since its inception. However, it faces several key challenges in executing its responsibilities effectively.

    Key Challenges

    1. Inadequate Capital Expenditure: The budget for capital expenditure has been declining, hindering the development of necessary infrastructure and capacity for NDRF battalions.
    2. Low Training Budget: The allocation for training NDRF personnel has remained low, between Rs. 1 to 2 crore, with actual utilization ranging from 50% to 80%. This limits the ability to provide modern training facilities that meet international standards.
    3. Increased Operational Demands: NDRF personnel are increasingly engaged in a wide range of rescue operations, from minor incidents to major disasters, which strains their resources and capabilities.
    4. Lack of Continuity: As a 100% deputationist force, personnel serve for only seven years, leading to a lack of continuity and institutional knowledge within the organization.
    5. Insufficient Equipment: There is a significant shortage of critical equipment, which hampers the NDRF’s ability to respond effectively and quickly to disasters.
    6. Dual Control Structure: The ambiguity in command and control, with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) managing funds and execution while the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has administrative control, complicates decision-making and response times.

    Measures to Enhance Effectiveness

    1. Review of Personnel Structure: While the deputationist model is beneficial, incorporating trained youth from other organizations, such as NCC cadets, could enhance operational capacity.
    2. Financial Cooperation: Establishing Permanent Disaster Management Funds and ensuring regular contributions from state and central budgets can address financial constraints.
    3. Training Infrastructure Investment: Specific budget allocations should be made for upgrading training facilities and procuring state-of-the-art equipment to meet international standards.
    4. Timely Equipment Procurement: A systematic review and expedited procurement of necessary equipment should be prioritized to ensure readiness.
    5. Community Capacity Building: Enhancing disaster response capabilities at the state and community levels is essential, as the frequency of disasters is increasing.
    6. Pre-positioning of Forces: Developing a strategy for pre-positioning response teams at critical locations can improve resource availability during emergencies.

    By addressing these challenges and implementing these measures, the NDRF can significantly enhance its effectiveness in disaster response and recovery.

    Roadmap for Answer Writing

    1. Introduction

    • Briefly introduce the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and its purpose under the Disaster Management Act of 2005.
    • State the importance of NDRF in disaster management in India.

    2. Key Challenges Faced by NDRF :

    • Inadequate Capital Expenditure
      • Explain how declining budgets affect infrastructure and capacity building.
    • Low Budget for Training
      • Discuss the insufficient allocation for training personnel and its impact on readiness.
    • Increased Operational Demands
      • Describe how the growing variety of rescue operations strains resources.
    • Lack of Continuity
      • Highlight the effects of a 100% deputationist model on institutional knowledge and experience.
    • Insufficient Equipment
      • Mention the shortage of critical equipment and how it hampers response capabilities.
    • Dual Control Structure
      • Explain the complications arising from having two different authorities (MHA and NDMA) managing NDRF.

    3. Measures to Improve Effectiveness :

    • Review of Personnel Structure
      • Suggest diversifying the personnel structure to include trained youth from other organizations.
    • Financial Cooperation
      • Propose establishing Permanent Disaster Management Funds and regular contributions to enhance financial resources.
    • Investment in Training Infrastructure
      • Recommend specific budget allocations for upgrading training facilities and equipment.
    • Timely Equipment Procurement
      • Suggest a systematic review and expedited procurement process for essential equipment.
    • Community Capacity Building
      • Emphasize the need to enhance local disaster response capabilities.
    • Pre-positioning of Response Forces
      • Recommend strategies for pre-positioning teams in critical areas to improve disaster readiness.

    4. Conclusion :

    • Summarize the challenges and proposed measures.
    • Highlight the significance of improving NDRF’s effectiveness for better disaster management in India.

    Relevant Facts and Sources

    1. NDRF Achievements: “NDRF has saved over 1.48 lakh human lives and evacuated over 7 lakh stranded individuals since its inception.” (Source: NDRF Reports)
    2. Inadequate Capital Expenditure: “The actual expenditure in the capital sector has shown a declining trend over the years.” (Source: Government Budget Reports)
    3. Training Budget: “Provision for training NDRF personnel has remained low at Rs. 1 to 2 crore, with utilization between 50% to 80%.” (Source: Budget Estimates Analysis)
    4. Operational Demands: “NDRF personnel are engaged in a varied range of rescue situations, which is increasing daily.” (Source: NDRF Reports)
    5. Dual Control Structure: “NDRF operates under the dual control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).” (Source: Disaster Management Act, 2005)
    6. Equipment Shortages: “There is a significant shortage of almost all items authorized for NDRF, affecting response capabilities.” (Source: NDRF Internal Reports)

    Using this roadmap and the relevant facts, you can construct a comprehensive answer addressing the challenges and proposed solutions for enhancing the effectiveness of the NDRF.

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Kumudini Lakhia
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Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Brief overview: Start with a short introduction on the frequency and impact of floods in India. Key Fact: According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), over 40 million hectares of India’s total 329 million hectares are ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction India is highly vulnerable to flood-related hazards due to several natural and human-induced factors. Over 40 million hectares (mha) of India's total 329 mha geographical area are flood-prone. On average, floods affect 75 lakh hectares annually, resulting in the loss of 160Read more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    India is highly vulnerable to flood-related hazards due to several natural and human-induced factors. Over 40 million hectares (mha) of India’s total 329 mha geographical area are flood-prone. On average, floods affect 75 lakh hectares annually, resulting in the loss of 1600 lives and damages worth Rs. 1805 crores. Below are the key factors contributing to India’s flood vulnerability:

    1. Monsoon Rainfall

    India receives 70%-90% of its annual rainfall during the monsoon season, leading to excessive rainfall and flooding in many regions. This intense rainfall often overwhelms existing drainage systems and causes river systems to overflow.

    2. Himalayan River Systems

    The Ganges, Brahmaputra, and their tributaries frequently experience extensive flooding due to factors like heavy sediment load, glacial melt, and monsoon rainfall. These rivers carry a massive volume of water during the rainy season, leading to floods in the lowland areas.

    3. Long Coastline

    With a 7500 km coastline, India is highly susceptible to tropical cyclones originating from the North Indian Ocean. The Chennai floods in December 2023, triggered by Cyclone Michaung, highlight the vulnerability of coastal cities to storm surges and heavy rains.

    4. Climate Change

    Climate change has caused increased frequency and intensity of rainfall, exacerbating the risk of floods. In regions like the Himalayas, there is a noticeable increase in the intensity of rainfall within shorter periods, which leads to flash floods.

    Causes of Flood-Related Disasters in India

    1. Unregulated Development

    Poor adherence to building and environmental regulations, particularly in hilly terrains, has contributed to flood disasters. For instance, unregulated construction on the Song riverbed led to the Dehradun floods in 2022.

    2. Unplanned Urbanization

    Unplanned construction on floodplains and wetlands has reduced the natural absorption capacity of the land, aggravating flood risks. The 2023 Delhi floods were a direct consequence of encroachment on the Yamuna floodplains.

    3. Deforestation

    Deforestation for mining, roads, and tourism increases soil erosion and runoff, contributing to flooding. The floods in Karnataka and Kerala in 2019 were partly caused by deforestation in the Western Ghats.

    4. Dam Construction

    The construction of hydropower projects in the Himalayan region has intensified floods. The Uttarakhand floods in 2013 and the Sikkim floods in 2023 were aggravated by dam-related issues, including the release of excess water and poor planning.

    Conclusion

    Addressing India’s vulnerability to floods requires a multifaceted approach, including better urban planning, reforestation, improved drainage infrastructure, and effective river management. Steps to mitigate climate change effects are also crucial in reducing future flood risks.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Purpose: Introduce the topic of landslides and their significance as natural disasters. Context: Highlight the need to understand causes, effects, and management strategies. Causes of Landslides Geological Factors: Fact: Geological characteristics such as soil type, rock composition, slope angle, and stability ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Landslides are among the most destructive natural disasters, causing significant loss of life and extensive property damage globally. They can be triggered by a variety of factors, including human activities and geological conditions. Causes of Landslides Geological FactorsRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Landslides are among the most destructive natural disasters, causing significant loss of life and extensive property damage globally. They can be triggered by a variety of factors, including human activities and geological conditions.

    Causes of Landslides

    1. Geological Factors:
      • Geological characteristics such as soil type, rock composition, slope angle, and stability contribute to landslide susceptibility. For instance, in Himachal Pradesh, steep slopes with loose soil and rock are particularly prone to landslides .
    2. Natural Factors:
      • Natural triggers include heavy rainfall, snowmelt, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. For example, in Assam, intense rainfall can saturate the soil, leading to instability and subsequent sliding downhill .
    3. Human Factors:
      • Human activities such as deforestation, mining, and construction exacerbate landslide risks. In Kerala, deforestation destabilizes slopes, increasing the likelihood of landslides .

    Effects of Landslides

    1. Loss of Life:
      • Landslides can result in fatalities and serious injuries among populations in affected areas.
    2. Damage to Property and Infrastructure:
      • They can cause extensive damage to buildings, roads, bridges, and other critical infrastructure, leading to substantial economic losses .
    3. Environmental Damage:
      • Landslides can lead to soil erosion, loss of vegetation, and alterations to local watercourses, causing long-term ecological harm .

    National Landslide Risk Management Strategy

    1. Hazard Assessment:
      • Conducting hazard assessments to identify landslide-prone areas and evaluate potential impacts on communities and infrastructure is crucial .
    2. Risk Mapping:
      • Mapping vulnerable areas helps prioritize them for risk reduction measures, ensuring targeted interventions .
    3. Early Warning Systems:
      • Implementing early warning systems with sensors and monitoring devices can alert communities before landslides occur .
    4. Land Use Planning:
      • Regulating human activities in high-risk areas through zoning regulations and building codes can mitigate risks .
    5. Public Education and Awareness:
      • Campaigns to educate communities about landslide risks and emergency preparedness are essential for enhancing resilience .

    Conclusion

    Landslides pose significant hazards, but with a robust National Landslide Risk Management Strategy, risks can be effectively reduced. By implementing comprehensive assessments, mapping, early warning systems, land use planning, and public awareness initiatives, we can protect communities from the devastating impacts of landslides.

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Kanhiya Lal
  • 1
Kanhiya LalBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In: ,
  • 1

Evaluate India’s seismic susceptibility and recommend ways to make the country more earthquake resilient.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Sunita Soni
    Sunita Soni Begginer

    The Indian subcontinent is one of the most earthquake prone regions of the world. In the last few decades, India has witnessed many devastating earthquakes e.g. Kashmir 2005, Gujarat 2001 and Uttarkashi 1991, which caused significant loss of human life as well as physical infrastructure. India's vulRead more

    The Indian subcontinent is one of the most earthquake prone regions of the world. In the last few decades, India has witnessed many devastating earthquakes e.g. Kashmir 2005, Gujarat 2001 and Uttarkashi 1991, which caused significant loss of human life as well as physical infrastructure.

    India’s vulnerability to earthquakes

    • Huge area prone to Earthquake: An Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI), prepared by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), showed that about 56% area of India is vulnerable to moderate to major earthquakes where about 82% of the population live. About 12% of the land is liable to severe earthquake shaking.
    • Geographical location: The reasons for high magnitude earthquakes in India are hidden in the tectonic setting of India. The Indian plate is pushing against the Eurasian plate at a rate of approximately 45 mm/year and rotating slowly anticlockwise. The entire Himalayan Region is considered to be vulnerable to high intensity earthquakes as it lies at the boundary of two converging plates.
    • Human-induced seismicity: Vulnerability to earthquakes increases due to several human actions such as
      • Construction of unscientific dams, mining, water reservoir impoundment and power projects in areas prone to earthquakes.
      • Inadequate attention to earthquake resistant construction standards in vulnerable areas. For instance, the proposed Pancheshwar dam project on the India-Nepal border is a large-scale project in the geologically sensitive Himalayan area.
    • Indirect vulnerabilities: The earthquakes also have some serious and far-reaching consequences. For example, earthquakes are also responsible for landslides, soil liquefaction and other calamities in the affected areas.

    Measures for better resilience to earthquakes

    • Earthquake zone blueprint: There is a need to prepare a vulnerability map of the country based on different intensities of earthquakes. The vulnerability risk information should be disseminated among the people and they should be educated about the ways and means of minimising the adverse impacts of disasters.
    • Monitoring and identifying the gaps in the existing seismic risk assessment methods: Establishing earthquake monitoring centres (seismological centres) for regular monitoring in the vulnerable areas. Use of Geographical Positioning System (GPS) can be of great help in monitoring the movement of tectonic plates.
    • Prioritizing Action Plan: Prioritize the cities and regions based on the severity of risk for implementing mitigation programs using the EDRI model. There is a need for formal training among professionals in earthquake-resistant construction practices.
    • Earthquake-proof planning and design of buildings: Make it mandatory to adopt earthquake-resistant designs in the vulnerable areas. There should be proper monitoring and enforcement of earthquake-resistant building codes and town planning by-laws.
    • Technological solution: The new technological solution must be adopted to make houses earthquakes resilient as well as predicting patterns of earthquake occurrences.
    • Periodical drills & awareness: Disaster like earthquakes cannot be preempted and hence people should be ready to handle any kind of situation. This is possible if periodic drills and mock exercises are conducted. People’s participation, cooperation and awareness are the key to success.

    Unlike other disasters, it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of earthquakes; hence, the only Olution to minimise loss of lives and properties is effective disaster preparedness and mitigation gainst them. It is thus necessary to empower communities to ensure the seismic safety of the built mvironment by encouraging the use of simple, easy and affordable technical solutions and stitutional arrangements.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Context: Briefly introduce the issue of increasing urban floods due to high-intensity rainfall. Thesis Statement: Highlight the need to discuss the causes of urban floods and the mechanisms for preparedness to mitigate risks. 2. Reasons for Urban Floods A. ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The frequency of urban floods due to high-intensity rainfall is increasing, with significant implications for urban areas in India. As the urban population is projected to reach 40.76% by 2030, the challenges posed by inadequate urban planning and climate change are becominRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The frequency of urban floods due to high-intensity rainfall is increasing, with significant implications for urban areas in India. As the urban population is projected to reach 40.76% by 2030, the challenges posed by inadequate urban planning and climate change are becoming more pronounced, as seen in cities like Hyderabad (2020), Chennai (2015), and Bengaluru.

    Causes of Urban Floods

    1. Rapid Urbanization: Unplanned urban growth and inadequate drainage infrastructure lead to increased surface runoff, which overwhelms urban areas, particularly in cities like Mumbai.
    2. Climate Change: Altered rainfall patterns and extreme weather events associated with climate change heighten the risk of urban flooding, as evidenced in regions like Maharashtra.
    3. Deforestation: The loss of natural vegetation and the increase in impervious surfaces hinder water infiltration, resulting in rapid runoff. According to the ICED 2022 report, India has seen an increase in annual runoff by approximately 1.3 billion cubic meters due to reduced infiltration.
    4. Poor Drainage Systems: Insufficient maintenance and blockages in drainage networks impede water flow, exacerbating flood risks [1].
    5. Encroachment of Water Bodies: Construction on water bodies diminishes their storage capacity, causing excess water to flood urban areas during heavy rainfall.

    Mechanisms for Preparedness

    1. Urban Planning and Zoning: Implementing effective urban planning strategies, including land-use zoning and flood-sensitive construction practices, can reduce flood vulnerability.
    2. Improved Drainage Infrastructure: Investing in robust drainage systems, such as stormwater management and retention ponds, enhances water drainage capacity.
    3. Early Warning Systems: Establishing efficient warning systems that provide real-time rainfall data and flood forecasts enables proactive responses.
    4. Flood Mapping and Risk Assessment: Conducting comprehensive flood mapping helps identify high-risk areas and facilitates targeted mitigation measures.
    5. Public Awareness and Community Engagement: Educating communities about flood risks and evacuation routes strengthens resilience.
    6. Emergency Response Planning: Developing effective emergency response plans ensures a swift and organized response during flood events.

    Conclusion

    By implementing robust preparedness mechanisms, the risks associated with urban floods can be significantly reduced. Focused efforts on urban planning, improved drainage infrastructure, early warning systems, community engagement, and emergency response planning are essential for minimizing the impact of urban floods and protecting vulnerable populations.

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